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* [[26-deoxyactein]] A component of black cohosh. It belongs to the family of chemical compounds called triterpene glycosides.
* [[26-deoxyactein]] A component of black cohosh. It belongs to the family of chemical compounds called triterpene glycosides.
* [[ACE inhibitor]] - An inhibitor of the angiotensin-converting enzyme. A medication used to treat hypertension, stroke, heart attack, diabetes, and kidney issues.
* [[ACE inhibitor]] Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. A medicine used to treat high blood pressure, stroke, heart attack, diabetes, and kidney problems
* [[AMRM]] The Dietary Supplements Analytical Materials/Reference Materials Program of the Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health.
* [[AOAC International]] AOAC International is a not-for-profit voluntary consensus standards body cited in the US Code of Federal Regulations under Title 21: "It is the policy of FDA in its enforcement program to use methods of analysis of AOAC International when available and applicable." AOAC is also cited under Title 9 within this context by the USDA. AOAC was founded in 1884 as the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists; in 1965 the Association's name changed to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists to reflect expansion of scope. The organization now refers to itself as AOAC International.
* [[Abetalipoproteinemia]] - The inability of the intestine to absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins from food.
* [[Absorption]] - The movement of protein, carbohydrates, fats, and other nutrients from the digestive tract into the bloodstream.
* [[Acid Reflux]] - A condition in which stomach acid leaks backwards into the esophagus, causing heartburn.
* [[Acne]] - A sometimes severe skin condition characterized by whiteheads, blackheads, and zits.
* [[Actein]] - A black cohosh constituent belonging to the triterpene glycosides family of chemical compounds.
* [[Acute]] - Sudden, severe, and transient.
* [[Adenoma]] - A benign (non-cancerous) tumor.
* [[Adequate Intake]] AI. The recommended daily intake of a nutrient estimated by the Institute of Medicine to meet or exceed the amount needed to maintain adequate nutrition for most people in a particular life stage and gender group. An AI is established when not enough information is available from scientific research to determine a Recommended Dietary Allowance (a dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of most people).
* [[Administration]] - The act of giving a medication or dietary supplement to a patient.
* [[Adverse Effect]] - A negative side effect.
* [[Adverse Reaction]] - An undesirable or harmful reaction to a treatment.
* [[Aerobic exercise]] exercise that raises the heart rate and increases oxygen consumption, such as running or cycling.
* [[Age-related Macular Degeneration]] (AMD) - A disease of the eye that causes the loss of central vision.
* [[Agent]] - In medicine, a drug, dietary supplement, or substance used for diagnosing, screening, preventing, or treating disease.
* [[Alpha-carotene]] - A pigment found in fruits and vegetables that the body can convert into vitamin A.
* [[Alpha-tocopherol Equivalent]] - A unit of measurement used to compare the effects of various forms of vitamin E to alpha-tocopherol.
* [[Alpha-tocopherol Transfer Protein]] (ATTP) - A substance produced in the liver that binds to and transports vitamin E.
* [[Alzheimer’s disease]] A brain disease in which thinking, memory, and reasoning ability is slowly destroyed. In advanced stages, an affected person becomes disoriented and confused, has mood and behavior changes, and has difficulty talking, walking, and swallowing. Alzheimer’s disease is progressive, irreversible, and incurable.
* [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] AAP. An organization of pediatricians (medical doctors who specialize in the development, care, and diseases of children) that works to improve the health and well-being of infants, children, adolescents, and young adults.
* [[American Cancer Society]] A nationwide, community-based organization involved in cancer research, education, patient services, advocacy, and rehabilitation.
* [[American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]] A national medical society for obstetricians (doctors who specialize in pregnancy and the delivery of babies) and gynecologists (doctors who specialize in treating diseases of the female reproductive organs).
* [[American National Standards Institute]] ANSI is a private, nonprofit organization that coordinates the US voluntary standardization and conformity assessment system. Its mission is to enhance US global competitiveness and the American quality of life by promoting, facilitating, and safeguarding the integrity of the voluntary standardization system. ANSI represents the interests of its company, organizational, government, institutional and international members. ANSI accredits national standards developing organizations and approves American National Standards. It represents US interests in international standards development activities.
* [[American National Standards]] The American National Standards Institute facilitates the development of the ANS by accrediting the procedures of standards developers. This accreditation signifies that the procedures used by the standards developer in connection with ANS meet the Institute's essential requirements for openness, balance, consensus, and due process.
* [[Antagonist H2 receptor]] - A medication that decreases the amount of stomach acid produced. It is employed in the treatment of stomach ulcer (peptic ulcer) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
* [[B vitamin]] A nutrient that is important for cell function. The B vitamins are biotin, folate, niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin (vitamin B2), thiamin, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12. The B vitamins make up the vitamin B complex.
* [[BRT]] Botanical Review Team of the Center for Drug Evaluation Research of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). BRT provides scientific expertise on botanical issues to CDER's reviewing staff and ensures consistent interpretation of FDA's "Guidance for Industry: Botanical Drug Products."
* [[Basal metabolic rate (BMR)]] the amount of energy (in calories) required to maintain basic bodily functions while at rest.
* [[Body composition]] the ratio of fat, muscle, and other tissues in the body.
* [[Body mass index (BMI)]] a measure of body fat based on height and weight.
* [[Body positivity]] a movement that promotes acceptance and appreciation of all body types, rather than adhering to traditional beauty standards.
* [[Body recomposition]] the process of changing body composition by reducing body fat while increasing lean muscle mass.
* [[Bodyweight cardio]] a type of workout that uses bodyweight exercises to improve cardiovascular endurance.
* [[Bodyweight circuit]] a type of workout that includes a series of bodyweight exercises performed in sequence for a specific period of time.
* [[Bodyweight exercise program]] a plan that includes bodyweight exercises to increase strength, flexibility, and cardiovascular endurance.
* [[Bodyweight exercise]] exercises that use the weight of the body as resistance, such as push-ups or squats.
* [[Bodyweight fluctuation]] minor changes in body weight that can occur naturally due to hydration status, hormone levels, and other factors.
* [[Bodyweight percentage]] the percentage of body weight that is comprised of fat.
* [[Bodyweight strength and HIIT]] a type of workout that combines bodyweight strength exercises with high-intensity interval training to improve overall fitness and performance.
* [[Bodyweight strength and Pilates]] a type of workout that combines bodyweight strength exercises with Pilates movements and breathing to improve overall fitness and core strength.
* [[Bodyweight strength and TRX]] a type of workout that combines bodyweight strength exercises with TRX suspension trainer movements to improve overall fitness and core strength.
* [[Bodyweight strength and cardio]] a type of workout that combines bodyweight strength exercises with cardio intervals to improve overall fitness.
* [[Bodyweight strength and conditioning]] a type of workout that combines bodyweight strength exercises with conditioning drills to improve overall fitness and performance.
* [[Bodyweight strength and kettlebell]] a type of workout that combines bodyweight strength exercises with kettlebell movements to improve overall fitness and muscle tone.
* [[Bodyweight strength and medicine ball]] a type of workout that combines bodyweight strength exercises with medicine ball movements to improve overall fitness and core strength.
* [[Bodyweight strength and resistance band]] a type of workout that combines bodyweight strength exercises with resistance band exercises to improve overall fitness and muscle tone.
* [[Bodyweight strength and yoga]] a type of workout that combines bodyweight strength exercises with yoga postures and breathing to improve overall fitness and flexibility.
* [[Bodyweight strength training program]] a plan that includes bodyweight exercises to build strength and muscle mass.
* [[Bodyweight strength]] the ability to perform strength-based exercises using only bodyweight resistance.
* [[Bodyweight tabata]] a type of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) that alternates between short periods of intense exercise and periods of rest, often using bodyweight exercises.
* [[Bodyweight training equipment]] equipment used for bodyweight training, such as resistance bands, suspension trainers, and stability balls.
* [[Bodyweight training program]] a plan that includes bodyweight exercises to increase strength, flexibility, and cardiovascular endurance.
* [[Bodyweight workout]] a workout that uses only the weight of the body as resistance, often without equipment.
* [[Calorie]] a unit of energy used to measure the amount of energy in food.
* [[Carb cycling]] a dietary approach that alternates periods of high and low carbohydrate intake.
* [[Carbohydrates]] one of the three macronutrients that provide energy to the body.
* [[Cardio]] short for cardiovascular exercise, refers to any physical activity that increases heart rate and oxygen consumption.
* [[Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition]] CFSAN, US Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services. CFSAN is responsible for developing policy and regulations for dietary supplements.
* [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] CDC. An organization within the federal government responsible for prevention and control of infectious disease and other health threats. It is part of the US Department of Health and Human Services.
* [[Cheat meal]] a planned meal or snack that doesn't fit into a typical healthy eating plan.
* [[Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory]] CSTL, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Department of Commerce. CSTL supports the food and dietary supplement industry by providing reference measurements and reference standards for quality assurance and to help ensure compliance with nutritional labeling regulations.
* [[Clean eating]] a diet that emphasizes whole, unprocessed foods.
* [[Cleanse]] a short-term, restrictive diet that is designed to "cleanse" the body of toxins and promote weight loss.
* [[Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals]] CSFII. A nationwide survey conducted by the US Department of Agriculture that collects information about the kinds and amounts of foods Americans eat. The information is used to study the nation's food supply, including learning whether the foods available to consumers contain enough of the nutrients needed to maintain a healthy diet, finding out how much the foods provided by food assistance programs (such as Food Stamps) contribute to a person's nutrition needs, and calculating the amount of a pesticide that can be used on a crop while providing a safe food product. In 2002, CSFII was incorporated into the ongoing National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
* [[Cortisol]] a stress hormone that can contribute to weight gain when elevated over a prolonged period of time.
* [[Crash diet]] a short-term, highly restrictive diet that is not sustainable long-term.
* [[Crohn's disease]] A long-lasting (chronic) disease that causes severe irritation in the gastrointestinal tract. It usually affects the lower small intestine (called the ileum) or the colon, but it can affect any part of the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus. It is painful, causing severe watery or bloody diarrhea, and may lead to life-threatening complications. Crohn's disease is a form of inflammatory bowel disease.
* [[Cross-training]] incorporating multiple forms of physical activity into a workout routine for improved overall fitness and performance.
* [[Daily Value]] DV. A term used on a food or dietary supplement label that tells you how much of a particular nutrient (such as calcium) one serving of the food or supplement provides. DVs are given as percentages and help you compare one product with another. For example, a food that lists 40% DV for calcium would provide much more calcium than another food that lists 10% DV for calcium. For each nutrient, there is one DV for all people aged 4 years and older. DVs are established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
* [[Detox]] a period of time during which the body is cleansed of toxins, often through dietary changes or supplements.
* [[Diet culture]] a societal focus on dieting and body weight that can lead to negative body image and disordered eating behaviors.
* [[Diet mentality]] a mindset that focuses on restrictive diets and weight loss goals rather than overall health and wellness.
* [[Diet quality]] the overall nutrient density and healthfulness of a person's diet.
* [[Diet tracking]] the practice of monitoring and logging food intake to track calorie and nutrient intake.
* [[Dietary Folate Equivalent]] DFE. A term used to describe the Recommended Dietary Allowance of folate. DFE accounts for the easier absorption of folic acid in supplements and fortified foods compared with folate found naturally in foods, which is absorbed only about half as well. One DFE = 1 microgram (mcg) food folate = 0.6 mcg folic acid from supplements and fortified foods.
* [[Dietary Guidelines for Americans]] Advice from the federal government to promote health and reduce the chance (risk) of long-lasting (chronic) diseases through nutrition and physical activity. The Guidelines are updated and published every 5 years by the US Department of Health and Human Services and the US Department of Agriculture.
* [[Dietary Reference Intake]] DRI. A term developed by the Institute of Medicine that refers to a set of recommendations used to plan and evaluate the nutrient intake of healthy people. The DRIs include the Estimated Average Requirement (an intake value estimated to meet the nutrient requirements of half of all people), the Recommended Dietary Allowance (a dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of most people), Adequate Intake (a recommended nutrient intake that meets or exceeds the amount needed to maintain adequate nutrition in most people), and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (the largest daily intake of a nutrient that is considered unlikely to cause harmful side effects for most people).
* [[Dietary fat]] a macronutrient that provides energy and supports hormone production and nutrient absorption.
* [[Dietary restriction]] a reduction in calorie intake, typically used to promote weight loss or improve health.
* [[Dietary supplement regulation]] laws and regulations governing the safety and efficacy of dietary supplements.
* [[Dietary supplement]] a product that contains vitamins, minerals, herbs, or other nutrients, often taken to support overall health or target specific health conditions.
* [[Dietitian]] a healthcare professional who specializes in food and nutrition.
* [[Digestion]] the process by which the body breaks down and absorbs nutrients from food.
* [[Digestive disorders]] medical conditions that affect the digestive system, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) or gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
* [[Digestive enzymes]] enzymes produced by the body to aid in the digestion and absorption of food.
* [[Digestive health diet]] a diet that supports digestive health by emphasizing whole, nutrient-dense foods and reducing processed foods and added sugars.
* [[Digestive health supplements]] supplements that support digestive health, such as probiotics or digestive enzymes.
* [[Digestive health test]] a medical test that measures digestive function and identifies digestive disorders.
* [[Digestive health]] the health of the digestive system, which can impact overall health and well-being.
* [[Digestive system]] the organs and structures involved in the digestion and absorption of food.
* [[ER-negative]] Estrogen receptor negative (ER-). Having to do with breast cancer cells that do not have a protein (a receptor molecule) to which estrogen will attach. Breast cancer cells that are ER- do not need the hormone estrogen to grow and usually do not respond to hormone (antiestrogen) therapy that blocks these receptor sites.
* [[ER-positive]] Estrogen receptor positive (ER+). Having to do with breast cancer cells that have a protein (a receptor molecule) to which estrogen will attach. Breast cancer cells that are ER+ need the hormone estrogen to grow and will usually respond to hormone (antiestrogen) therapy that blocks these receptor sites.
* [[Energy deficit]] a state in which the body is burning more calories than it's consuming.
* [[Estimated Average Requirement]] EAR. A daily dietary intake value estimated by the Institute of Medicine to meet the nutrient requirements of half of all healthy people in a particular life stage and gender group. It is used to calculate the Recommended Dietary Allowance (that amount of a nutrient that meets the nutrient requirements of nearly all healthy individuals).
* [[Fad diet]] a diet that becomes popular quickly, often with little scientific evidence to support its effectiveness.
* [[Fasting]] abstaining from food or drink for a specific period of time.
* [[Fat burning zone]] a lower intensity exercise zone in which the body burns a higher percentage of calories from fat, compared to carbohydrates.
* [[Fat loss]] the process of losing body fat through calorie deficit and physical activity.
* [[Fat storage]] the process of storing excess calories as body fat.
* [[Fat]] one of the three macronutrients that provides energy to the body and helps with hormone production and nutrient absorption.
* [[Fatigue index]] a measure of an individual's ability to maintain power output during endurance exercise.
* [[Fatigue]] physical or mental exhaustion that can occur as a result of calorie restriction or excessive physical activity.
* [[Federal Trade Commission]] FTC. A federal agency that protects consumers by preventing deceptive and unfair business practices. This includes unfair or deceptive advertising and marketing practices.
* [[Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory]] FCMDL, US Department of Agriculture. The mission of FCMDL is to develop innovative measurement systems for the determination of food components that influence human health.
* [[Food and Drug Administration]] FDA, Department of Health and Human Services. FDA is the Federal government agency responsible for ensuring that foods and dietary supplements are safe, wholesome and sanitary, and that drugs, medical devices, cosmetics, and food are honestly, accurately and informatively represented to the public. FDA regulates dietary supplements under a different set of regulations than those covering conventional foods and drug products (prescription and over-the-counter). The dietary supplement manufacturer is responsible for ensuring that a dietary supplement is safe before it is marketed. FDA is responsible for taking action against any unsafe dietary supplement product after it reaches the market. Generally, manufacturers do not need to get FDA approval before producing or selling dietary supplements.
* [[Glycemic index (GI)]] a measure of how quickly a food raises blood sugar levels.
* [[Glycemic load]] a measure that takes into account both the quality and quantity of carbohydrates in a food.
* [[Glycogen]] a complex carbohydrate that is stored in the liver and muscles and provides energy during physical activity.
* [[H2 receptor antagonist]] A medication that reduces the amount of acid made by the stomach. It is used to treat conditions such as stomach ulcer (peptic ulcer) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
* [[HDL cholesterol]] Good cholesterol. HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol is a type of protein that carries excess cholesterol from the arteries to the liver to be removed from the body.
* [[Hamilton anxiety scale]] A rating system that is used to measure the severity of the symptoms of anxiety (including worrying, restlessness, fearfulness, trouble sleeping, poor concentration or memory, depression, aches and pains, shortness of breath, nausea, sweating, and impotence).
* [[Healthy diet]] a balanced, nutritious diet that supports overall health and well-being.
* [[Healthy eating plan]] a personalized diet plan that emphasizes a balance of macronutrients and nutrient-dense foods.
* [[Healthy eating]] a lifestyle that emphasizes a balanced diet of whole, nutrient-dense foods.
* [[Healthy fat]] a type of fat that provides health benefits, such as monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats found in nuts, seeds, and fatty fish.
* [[Healthy lifestyle]] a set of behaviors and habits that support overall health and well-being.
* [[Healthy weight]] a weight that falls within a healthy BMI range for an individual's height and sex.
* [[High-density lipoprotein cholesterol]] - Positive cholesterol. HDL cholesterol (high-density lipoprotein) is a type of protein that transports excess cholesterol from the arteries to the liver for elimination.
* [[High-intensity bodyweight cardio]] a type of workout that uses high-intensity bodyweight exercises to improve cardiovascular endurance.
* [[High-intensity bodyweight conditioning]] a type of workout that uses high-intensity bodyweight exercises to improve overall fitness and cardiovascular endurance.
* [[High-intensity bodyweight strength program]] a comprehensive program that uses high-intensity bodyweight exercises to promote muscle growth and strength.
* [[High-intensity bodyweight strength]] a type of workout that uses high-intensity bodyweight exercises to promote muscle growth and strength.
* [[High-intensity bodyweight training program]] a comprehensive program that uses high-intensity bodyweight exercises to improve overall fitness and promote fat loss.
* [[High-intensity bodyweight training]] a type of workout that uses bodyweight exercises to achieve high levels of intensity and build strength and muscle mass.
* [[High-intensity interval training (HIIT)]] a type of exercise that alternates between short periods of intense exercise and periods of rest.
* [[High-protein diet]] a dietary approach that emphasizes high protein intake to support muscle growth and satiety.
* [[High-volume bodyweight cardio]] a type of workout that uses high repetitions of bodyweight cardio exercises to improve cardiovascular endurance.
* [[High-volume bodyweight strength]] a type of workout that uses high repetitions of bodyweight strength exercises to promote muscle endurance and growth.
* [[High-volume bodyweight training]] a type of workout that uses high repetitions of bodyweight exercises to build muscular endurance.
* [[High-volume cardio]] a type of workout that uses high repetitions of cardio exercises to improve cardiovascular endurance.
* [[High-volume strength training]] a type of training that uses high repetitions and multiple sets of strength exercises to promote muscle growth and endurance.
* [[IQ]] - Intelligence quotient. The result of a standardized intelligence test.
* [[IQ]] Intelligence quotient. A person’s score on a standardized intelligence test.
* [[IU]] International Unit. A measurement used to measure the activity of some vitamins and other biological substances (such as enzymes and hormones).
* [[Inflammation]] a response of the body's immune system to injury or infection, which can contribute to chronic diseases and weight gain.
* [[Institute of Medicine]] - IOM. Private, non-governmental organization that publishes reports on biomedical science, medicine, and health at the request of government agencies, private industry, and foundations.
* [[Institute of Medicine]] IOM. A private nongovernmental organization that issues reports on biomedical science, medicine, and health as requested by government agencies, private industry, and foundations.
* [[Intermittent fasting]] a pattern of eating that involves alternating periods of fasting and eating.
* [[International Unit]] - A unit used to measure the activity of certain vitamins and other biological substances (including enzymes and hormones).
* [[International Unit]] IU. A measurement used to measure the activity of some vitamins and other biological substances (such as enzymes and hormones).
* [[Ketogenic diet]] a high-fat, low-carb diet that puts the body into a state of ketosis, where it burns fat for fuel instead of carbohydrates.
* [[Ketones]] molecules produced by the liver during periods of low carbohydrate intake or fasting, which can be used as an alternative fuel source for the body.
* [[Kupperman index]] A rating scale that is used to measure the severity of the symptoms of menopause, including hot flashes, tingling or crawling skin, difficulty sleeping, nervousness, melancholy, dizziness, weakness, joint or muscle pain, headache, and abnormal heart beat.
* [[LDL cholesterol]] Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. A type of protein that carries cholesterol to many tissues throughout the body. High levels of LDL cholesterol increase the risk of coronary heart disease. Also called bad cholesterol.
* [[Lean body mass (LBM)]] the mass of the body's non-fat tissues, including muscle, bone, and organs.
* [[Lean protein]] a source of protein that is low in fat and calories, such as chicken breast or tofu.
* [[Low glycemic index (GI) diet]] a dietary approach that focuses on consuming foods that have a lower impact on blood sugar levels.
* [[Low-carb diet]] a diet that restricts carbohydrates, often to promote weight loss.
* [[Low-carb high-fat (LCHF) diet]] a dietary approach that emphasizes high fat intake and low carbohydrate intake.
* [[Low-carb high-protein (LCHP) diet]] a dietary approach that emphasizes high protein intake and low carbohydrate intake.
* [[Low-fat diet]] a diet that restricts fat intake in order to promote weight loss.
* [[Low-fat high-carb (LFHC) diet]] a dietary approach that emphasizes high carbohydrate intake and low fat intake.
* [[Macronutrient ratio]] the proportion of calories that come from carbohydrates, protein, and fat in a diet.
* [[Macronutrient]] a nutrient that the body requires in large amounts, including carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
* [[Meal frequency]] the number of meals or snacks consumed in a day, which can impact metabolism and hunger.
* [[Meal planning]] the process of preparing meals in advance to support healthy eating and weight loss goals.
* [[Meal prep]] preparing meals in advance to save time and promote healthy eating.
* [[Meal prep]] the process of preparing meals in advance, often for the week, to support healthy eating and save time.
* [[Meal replacement bar program support group]] a community of individuals following a meal replacement bar program, often providing motivation, accountability, and support.
* [[Meal replacement bar program]] a comprehensive program that uses prepackaged meal replacement bars to support weight loss and healthy habits.
* [[Meal replacement bar]] a prepackaged bar that is designed to replace one or more meals per day.
* [[Meal replacement diet]] a type of diet that replaces one or more meals per day with a prepackaged meal replacement, often used for weight loss.
* [[Meal replacement plan support group]] a community of individuals following a meal replacement plan, often providing motivation, accountability, and support.
* [[Meal replacement plan]] a comprehensive plan that includes prepackaged meal replacements to support weight loss and healthy habits.
* [[Meal replacement program support group]] a community of individuals following a meal replacement program, often providing motivation, accountability, and support.
* [[Meal replacement program]] a comprehensive program that uses prepackaged meal replacements to support weight loss and healthy habits.
* [[Meal replacement shake diet]] a type of diet that replaces all meals with prepackaged meal replacement shakes, often used for rapid weight loss.
* [[Meal replacement shake]] a prepackaged shake that is designed to replace one or more meals per day, often as part of a weight loss program.
* [[Meal replacement]] a prepackaged food or drink that is designed to replace one or more meals per day.
* [[Meal timing]] the practice of eating meals and snacks at specific times to optimize energy and nutrient intake.
* [[Metabolic rate]] the rate at which the body burns calories.
* [[Metabolism]] the chemical processes that occur in the body to maintain life, including the breakdown of food for energy.
* [[Mind-body connection]] the link between mental and emotional states and physical health.
* [[Mindful eating]] eating with awareness and attention to physical hunger and fullness cues.
* [[Mindset]] a person's attitude and belief system, which can influence behavior and success in weight loss.
* [[NIST Standard Reference Materials®]] A certified reference material issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) that meets additional NIST-specific certification criteria and is issued with a certificate or certificate of analysis that reports the results of its characterizations and provides information regarding the appropriate use(s) of the material.
* [[National Academies]] A private nonprofit organization that brings together committees of experts in all areas of science, technology, and health policy to address important national issues and give advice to the federal government and the public. It consists of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council.
* [[National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine]] NCCAM explores complementary and alternative healing practices in the context of rigorous science, trains CAM medicine researchers, provides accurate information about CAM, and helps the public and health professionals understand which CAM therapies have been proven to be safe and effective.
* [[National Formulary of the United States Pharmacopeia]] NF is a book of public pharmacopeial standards. It contains standards for medicines, dosage forms, drug substances, excipients, medical devices, and dietary supplements.
* [[National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute]] NHLBI. An organization in the federal government that plans, conducts and supports research related to the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of patients suffering from diseases of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs; blood diseases; and sleep disorders. It also supports research on the clinical use of blood and management of blood resources. NHLBI is one of 27 Institutes and Centers that make up the National Institutes of Health.
* [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] NIST, Department of Commerce. NIST is a nonregulatory Federal agency that promotes US innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve quality of life.
* [[National Institutes of Health]] NIH. The main organization in the federal government responsible for conducting and supporting medical research. It is composed of 27 Institutes and Centers that provide financial support to researchers in the United States and throughout the world to investigate ways to prevent, treat, and cure common and rare diseases. NIH is part of the US Department of Health and Human Services.
* [[National Nutrient Database of the USDA]] - A searchable database containing the nutrient content of over 7,000 American foods.
* [[Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)]] the energy the body burns through non-exercise activities, such as fidgeting or standing.
* [[Nurses' Health Study]] An ongoing long-term study of diet, nutrition, and risk factors for major chronic disease in a large number of women in the United States.
* [[Nutrient Data Laboratory]] NDL, US Department of Agriculture. NDL develops authoritative food composition databases and state-of-the-art methods to acquire, evaluate, compile and disseminate composition data on foods available in the United States.
* [[Nutrient density]] the amount of nutrients in a food relative to its calorie content.
* [[Nutrient timing]] the practice of consuming certain nutrients, such as carbohydrates and protein, at specific times to optimize performance and recovery.
* [[Nutrient]] a substance that the body requires for growth, development, and maintenance, such as vitamins and minerals.
* [[Nutrition label]] a label on packaged foods that provides information about the nutrient content and serving size.
* [[Nutritionist]] a healthcare professional who specializes in food and nutrition, often with a focus on holistic or alternative approaches.
* [[Office of Dietary Supplements]] ODS, Office of Disease Prevention, Office of Director, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services. ODS strengthens knowledge and understanding of dietary supplements by evaluating scientific information, stimulating and supporting research, disseminating research results, and educating the public to foster an enhanced quality of life and health for the US population.
* [[Overweight]] having a BMI above the healthy range.
* [[Parkinson's disease]] A disease in older people that causes nervous system symptoms that worsen slowly over time. Symptoms include trembling hands, arms, legs, and face; stiff arms, legs, and torso; slow movements; and impaired balance and coordination. Parkinson’s disease can also affect emotions, memory, judgment, and reasoning.
* [[Physical activity]] any movement that expends energy, including exercise and non-exercise activities.
* [[Physical fitness]] a measure of overall health and ability to perform physical tasks.
* [[Physical health]] the state of overall bodily function and wellness.
* [[Physicians' Health Study]] One of two long-term studies conducted to see whether the long-term use of aspirin or various nutritional supplements such as beta-carotene, vitamins C and E, and multivitamins can prevent heart disease, cancer, and age-related eye diseases in men in the United States.
* [[Plate method]] a visual method of portion control that uses a plate to guide appropriate servings of carbohydrates, protein, and vegetables.
* [[Plateau]] a point in weight loss where progress slows or stops.
* [[Portion control]] managing the amount of food you eat to control calorie intake.
* [[Portion distortion]] underestimating the size of portions and consuming more calories than intended.
* [[Progressive overload]] gradually increasing the resistance or intensity of an exercise to continue to see strength and muscle gains.
* [[Protein synthesis]] the process by which the body builds new muscle tissue from dietary protein.
* [[Protein]] one of the three macronutrients that helps build and repair tissues and is also a source of energy.
* [[Recommended Dietary Allowance]] RDA. The average amount of a nutrient a healthy person should get each day. RDAs vary by age, gender and whether a woman is pregnant or breastfeeding. For example, the RDA for vitamin C is 80 mg a day for a pregnant teenager and 90 mg a day for men. RDAs are developed by the Food and Nutrition Board at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
* [[Resistance band]] a type of elastic band used for strength training and muscle activation.
* [[Resistance training]] exercise that involves using weights or resistance to build muscle and strength.
* [[Rest day]] a day of reduced or no physical activity, usually for recovery and muscle repair.
* [[Rest-based training]] a type of exercise that emphasizes recovery and rest between sets to maximize muscle growth and strength.
* [[Resting metabolic rate (RMR)]] the amount of energy the body burns at rest.
* [[Retinol Activity Equivalent]] RAE. A measure of the content and activity of vitamin A in foods.
* [[SPF]] Sun protection factor. A scale for rating the level of sunburn protection in sunscreen products. The higher the SPF, the more sunburn protection it gives.
* [[Set point theory]] the idea that the body has a natural weight that it tends to maintain, making weight loss difficult.
* [[Set point weight]] the weight that the body naturally tends to maintain, which can make long-term weight loss challenging.
* [[Slow metabolism]] a condition in which the body burns calories at a slower rate, which can contribute to weight gain.
* [[Snacking]] eating small amounts of food between meals.
* [[Spot reduction]] the idea that you can reduce fat in specific areas of the body by targeting those areas with exercise.
* [[Strength training equipment]] equipment used for strength training, such as dumbbells, barbells, and weight machines.
* [[Strength training for athletes]] a type of training that emphasizes proper form and technique for athletes looking to improve performance and prevent injury.
* [[Strength training for beginners]] a type of training that emphasizes proper form and technique for those new to strength training.
* [[Strength training for bodybuilders]] a type of training that emphasizes proper form and technique for bodybuilders looking to improve performance and prevent injury.
* [[Strength training for fat loss]] a type of training that uses strength exercises to promote fat loss by increasing metabolism and lean muscle mass.
* [[Strength training for powerlifters]] a type of training that emphasizes proper form and technique for powerlifters looking to improve performance and prevent injury.
* [[Strength training for runners]] a type of training that emphasizes proper form and technique for runners looking to improve performance and prevent injury.
* [[Strength training for seniors]] a type of training that emphasizes proper form and technique for seniors new to strength training.
* [[Strength training for weight loss]] a type of training that uses strength training to promote weight loss by building lean muscle mass.
* [[Strength training for weightlifters]] a type of training that emphasizes proper form and technique for weightlifters looking to improve performance and prevent injury.
* [[Strength training for women]] a type of training that emphasizes proper form and technique for women new to strength training.
* [[Strength training frequency]] the number of times per week that strength training exercises are performed.
* [[Strength training plateau buster]] strategies to overcome a plateau in strength training progress, such as adding variety and increasing intensity.
* [[Strength training plateau]] a point in strength training where progress slows or stops, often due to lack of variety or overload.
* [[Strength training program]] a plan that includes exercises and progressions to increase strength and muscle mass.
* [[Strength training progression]] the process of gradually increasing the resistance or intensity of an exercise to continue to see strength and muscle gains.
* [[Strength training]] exercise that involves lifting weights or using resistance to build muscle and strength.
* [[Strength-to-weight ratio training]] a type of training that focuses on improving strength relative to body weight.
* [[Strength-to-weight ratio]] a measure of an individual's strength relative to their body weight.
* [[Sugar detox]] a short-term, restrictive diet that eliminates added sugars to promote healthier eating habits.
* [[Sun protection factor]] (SPF) - A rating system for the sunburn protection of sunscreen products. The higher the SPF, the greater the sunburn protection.
* [[Superfoods]] nutrient-dense foods believed to have health benefits beyond their nutrient content.
* [[Thermic effect of food (TEF)]] the energy the body uses to digest and metabolize food.
* [[Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)]] the total amount of energy the body burns in a day, including BMR, physical activity, and TEF.
* [[UNICEF]] - A United Nations organization that provides food, clothing, medical care, and assistance to women and children.
* [[UNICEF]] An organization of the United Nations that provides food, clothing, health care, and support to women and children.
* [[US Department of Agriculture]] USDA promotes America's health through food and nutrition, and advances the science of nutrition by monitoring food and nutrient consumption and updating nutrient requirements and food composition data. USDA is responsible for food safety, improving nutrition and health by providing food assistance and nutrition education, expanding markets for agricultural products, managing and protecting US public and private lands, and providing financial programs to improve the economy and quality of rural American life.
* [[USDA National Nutrient Database]] A searchable database of the nutrient content of more than 7,000 foods in the United States. The database can be accessed online at: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/.
* [[Underweight]] having a BMI below the healthy range.
* [[United Status Pharmacopeia]] USP is a voluntary, science-based, nonprofit, standards-setting organization. It is an official public standards-setting authority for all prescription and over-the-counter medicines and other health care products manufactured or sold in the United States. USP also sets widely recognized standards for food ingredients and dietary supplements. Its publications, the USP and the National Formulary (NF), are recognized in the US Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as official compendia for the United States. Monographs for dietary supplements and ingredients appear in a separate section of the USP. The tests and procedures cited in the monographs require the use of official USP Reference Standards.
* [[Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)]] a measure of the proportion of waist circumference to hip circumference, which can indicate the distribution of body fat.
* [[Water fasting]] a type of fasting that involves consuming only water for a specific period of time.
* [[Water weight]] the weight of water retained in the body, often due to excessive sodium intake or hormonal fluctuations.
* [[Weight cycling]] repeated cycles of weight loss and regain over time.
* [[Weight gain]] the process of gaining body weight, usually through consuming more calories than the body burns.
* [[Weight loss app]] a mobile application designed to track calorie intake, physical activity, and progress towards weight loss goals.
* [[Weight loss goal]] a specific, measurable goal related to weight loss, often used as motivation for behavior change.
* [[Weight loss journey]] the process of working towards and achieving weight loss goals.
* [[Weight loss maintenance]] the ongoing effort to sustain weight loss through healthy habits and lifestyle changes.
* [[Weight loss plateau]] a period of time during which weight loss stalls despite continued efforts.
* [[Weight loss program]] a comprehensive plan that includes diet, exercise, and behavior modification to promote weight loss.
* [[Weight loss success]] the achievement of weight loss goals through sustained healthy habits and lifestyle changes.
* [[Weight loss supplement]] a product that is marketed to support weight loss, often with little scientific evidence to support its effectiveness.
* [[Weight loss support group]] a community of individuals working towards similar weight loss goals, often providing motivation, accountability, and support.
* [[Weight loss support]] resources and support systems, such as online communities or in-person groups, that help individuals stay motivated and accountable during their weight loss journey.
* [[Weight loss surgery diet]] a type of diet recommended before and after weight loss surgery to promote weight loss and improve health outcomes.
* [[Weight loss surgery support group]] a community of individuals who have undergone weight loss surgery, often providing education, encouragement, and support.
* [[Weight loss surgery]] a medical procedure that alters the digestive system to promote weight loss, such as gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy.
* [[Weight loss transformation journey support group]] a community of individuals on a weight loss transformation journey, often providing motivation, accountability, and support.
* [[Weight loss transformation journey]] the process of significant and sustained weight loss through healthy habits and lifestyle changes, often documented and shared with others.
* [[Weight loss transformation plan support group]] a community of individuals following a weight loss transformation plan, often providing motivation, accountability, and support.
* [[Weight loss transformation plan]] a comprehensive plan that includes healthy habits, lifestyle changes, and weight loss goals to achieve significant and sustained weight loss.
* [[Weight loss transformation program]] a comprehensive program that includes healthy habits, lifestyle changes, and weight loss goals to achieve significant and sustained weight loss.
* [[Weight loss transformation story support group]] a community of individuals sharing weight loss transformation stories, often providing motivation, inspiration, and support.
* [[Weight loss transformation story]] an individual's personal story of significant and sustained weight loss through healthy habits and lifestyle changes, often shared with others for motivation and inspiration.
* [[Weight loss transformation]] the significant and sustained weight loss achieved through healthy habits and lifestyle changes.
* [[Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome]] A brain disorder caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, usually as a result of alcohol abuse. Symptoms include confusion, vision problems, lack of muscle control, memory loss, tremors, hallucinations, and coma.
* [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) - An organization of the United Nations concerned with global health.
* [[World Health Organization]] WHO. An agency of the United Nations that is concerned with worldwide health.
* [[Yo-yo dieting]] repeated cycles of weight loss and regain due to extreme or unsustainable diets.
* [[abetalipoproteinemia]] A rare inherited disease in which the intestine cannot absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins from food. It is associated with fatty stools, diarrhea, nerve problems, and eye disease.
* [[abetalipoproteinemia]] A rare inherited disease in which the intestine cannot absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins from food. It is associated with fatty stools, diarrhea, nerve problems, and eye disease.
* [[absorption]] In nutrition, the process of moving protein, carbohydrates, fats, and other nutrients from the digestive system into the bloodstream. Most absorption occurs in the small intestine.
* [[absorption]] In nutrition, the process of moving protein, carbohydrates, fats, and other nutrients from the digestive system into the bloodstream. Most absorption occurs in the small intestine.
* [[ACE inhibitor]] Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. A medicine used to treat high blood pressure, stroke, heart attack, diabetes, and kidney problems
* [[acid reflux]] A condition in which stomach acid leaks backwards into the esophagus (the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach), causing heartburn and irritating the lining of the esophagus.
* [[acid reflux]] A condition in which stomach acid leaks backwards into the esophagus (the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach), causing heartburn and irritating the lining of the esophagus.
* [[acne]] A sometimes severe skin condition that commonly occurs on the face, neck, back, and chest and includes whiteheads, blackheads, and pimples. Severe acne may be painful and can leave permanent deep scars.
* [[acne]] A sometimes severe skin condition that commonly occurs on the face, neck, back, and chest and includes whiteheads, blackheads, and pimples. Severe acne may be painful and can leave permanent deep scars.
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* [[additive effect]] When the combination of two or more drugs, dietary supplements, or other therapies produces a greater result than one drug, dietary supplement, or therapy given alone. For example, combining valerian with alcohol may have a stronger sedative effect than valerian by itself would produce.
* [[additive effect]] When the combination of two or more drugs, dietary supplements, or other therapies produces a greater result than one drug, dietary supplement, or therapy given alone. For example, combining valerian with alcohol may have a stronger sedative effect than valerian by itself would produce.
* [[adenoma]] A type of tumor that is benign (not cancer).
* [[adenoma]] A type of tumor that is benign (not cancer).
* [[Adequate Intake]] AI. The recommended daily intake of a nutrient estimated by the Institute of Medicine to meet or exceed the amount needed to maintain adequate nutrition for most people in a particular life stage and gender group. An AI is established when not enough information is available from scientific research to determine a Recommended Dietary Allowance (a dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of most people).
* [[administration]] The process of giving a person a medicine or dietary supplement by mouth, by vein, on the skin, or by another route. For example, a 14-day administration of valerian extract.
* [[administration]] The process of giving a person a medicine or dietary supplement by mouth, by vein, on the skin, or by another route. For example, a 14-day administration of valerian extract.
* [[adulterate]] To make unsafe or impure by using contaminated or unneeded ingredients; using a strength or quality that is less than claimed; leaving out or substituting key ingredients; or using inferior manufacturing, processing, packaging, or storage procedures.
* [[adulterate]] To make unsafe or impure by using contaminated or unneeded ingredients; using a strength or quality that is less than claimed; leaving out or substituting key ingredients; or using inferior manufacturing, processing, packaging, or storage procedures.
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* [[adverse event]] An unwanted medical problem that occurs during treatment. Adverse events may be unrelated to the treatment or they may be caused by the therapy or procedure. For example, an adverse event may be caused by the toxic effects of a particular drug or dietary supplement or by an interaction with another therapy. Also called adverse effect and side effect.
* [[adverse event]] An unwanted medical problem that occurs during treatment. Adverse events may be unrelated to the treatment or they may be caused by the therapy or procedure. For example, an adverse event may be caused by the toxic effects of a particular drug or dietary supplement or by an interaction with another therapy. Also called adverse effect and side effect.
* [[adverse response]] An unwanted or harmful reaction to treatment.
* [[adverse response]] An unwanted or harmful reaction to treatment.
* [[age-related macular degeneration]] AMD. An eye disease that results in a loss of central, "straight-ahead" vision. AMD is the leading cause of vision loss in older Americans.
* [[agent]] In medicine, a drug, dietary supplement, other substance, or procedure that is used in diagnosing, screening, preventing, or treating a disease.
* [[agent]] In medicine, a drug, dietary supplement, other substance, or procedure that is used in diagnosing, screening, preventing, or treating a disease.
* [[age-related macular degeneration]] AMD. An eye disease that results in a loss of central, "straight-ahead" vision. AMD is the leading cause of vision loss in older Americans.
* [[alcohol dependence]] A chronic disease (it lasts a person's lifetime) in which a person is unable to stop drinking once he or she has begun, needs to drink larger amounts of alcohol to get high, and suffers withdrawal symptoms (such as nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety) after stopping drinking. The risk of developing alcohol dependence is influenced by a person's genes and lifestyle. Also called alcoholism.
* [[alcohol dependence]] A chronic disease (it lasts a person's lifetime) in which a person is unable to stop drinking once he or she has begun, needs to drink larger amounts of alcohol to get high, and suffers withdrawal symptoms (such as nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety) after stopping drinking. The risk of developing alcohol dependence is influenced by a person's genes and lifestyle. Also called alcoholism.
* [[alcoholic]] A person who is not able to stop drinking once he or she has begun, needs to drink larger amounts of alcohol to get high, and suffers withdrawal symptoms (such as nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety) after stopping drinking.
* [[alcoholic]] A person who is not able to stop drinking once he or she has begun, needs to drink larger amounts of alcohol to get high, and suffers withdrawal symptoms (such as nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety) after stopping drinking.
* [[alpha-carotene]] A substance found in colorful fruits and vegetables such as pumpkin, carrots, winter squash, and tangerines. It is a carotenoid that can be made into vitamin A by the body.
* [[alpha-carotene]] A substance found in colorful fruits and vegetables such as pumpkin, carrots, winter squash, and tangerines. It is a carotenoid that can be made into vitamin A by the body.
* [[alpha-tocopherol]] The form of vitamin E that is found in the largest amount in humans and is the most active form of vitamin E. It is an antioxidant.
* [[alpha-tocopherol equivalent]] A unit of measure used to compare the effects of different forms of vitamin E with the effects of alpha-tocopherol, the most active form of vitamin E.
* [[alpha-tocopherol equivalent]] A unit of measure used to compare the effects of different forms of vitamin E with the effects of alpha-tocopherol, the most active form of vitamin E.
* [[alpha-tocopherol transfer protein]] A substance made in the liver that attaches to vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), carries vitamin E to the body's tissues, and helps vitamin E stay at a normal level in the body.
* [[alpha-tocopherol transfer protein]] A substance made in the liver that attaches to vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), carries vitamin E to the body's tissues, and helps vitamin E stay at a normal level in the body.
* [[alpha-tocopherol]] The form of vitamin E that is found in the largest amount in humans and is the most active form of vitamin E. It is an antioxidant.
* [[alternative medicine]] A group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are used in place of conventional medicine.
* [[alternative medicine]] A group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are used in place of conventional medicine.
* [[Alzheimer’s disease]] A brain disease in which thinking, memory, and reasoning ability is slowly destroyed. In advanced stages, an affected person becomes disoriented and confused, has mood and behavior changes, and has difficulty talking, walking, and swallowing. Alzheimer’s disease is progressive, irreversible, and incurable.
* [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] AAP. An organization of pediatricians (medical doctors who specialize in the development, care, and diseases of children) that works to improve the health and well-being of infants, children, adolescents, and young adults.
* [[American Cancer Society]] A nationwide, community-based organization involved in cancer research, education, patient services, advocacy, and rehabilitation.
* [[American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]] A national medical society for obstetricians (doctors who specialize in pregnancy and the delivery of babies) and gynecologists (doctors who specialize in treating diseases of the female reproductive organs).
* [[American National Standards]] The American National Standards Institute facilitates the development of the ANS by accrediting the procedures of standards developers. This accreditation signifies that the procedures used by the standards developer in connection with ANS meet the Institute's essential requirements for openness, balance, consensus, and due process.
* [[American National Standards Institute]] ANSI is a private, nonprofit organization that coordinates the US voluntary standardization and conformity assessment system. Its mission is to enhance US global competitiveness and the American quality of life by promoting, facilitating, and safeguarding the integrity of the voluntary standardization system. ANSI represents the interests of its company, organizational, government, institutional and international members. ANSI accredits national standards developing organizations and approves American National Standards. It represents US interests in international standards development activities.
* [[amino acid]] A chemical building block of protein.
* [[amino acid]] A chemical building block of protein.
* [[AMRM]] The Dietary Supplements Analytical Materials/Reference Materials Program of the Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health.
* [[anemia]] A condition in which the number of red blood cells in the blood, or the amount of hemoglobin in them, is lower than normal, causing a condition in which red blood cells are not able to supply enough oxygen to all the tissues in the body. Hemoglobin is the substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body's cells.
* [[anemia]] A condition in which the number of red blood cells in the blood, or the amount of hemoglobin in them, is lower than normal, causing a condition in which red blood cells are not able to supply enough oxygen to all the tissues in the body. Hemoglobin is the substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen to your body's cells.
* [[anencephaly]] A condition in which a baby is born without most of a brain and skull. The brain may not be covered by bone or skin. Babies born with this condition do not survive more than a few hours or days. Anencephaly belongs to the group of disorders called neural tube defects.
* [[anencephaly]] A condition in which a baby is born without most of a brain and skull. The brain may not be covered by bone or skin. Babies born with this condition do not survive more than a few hours or days. Anencephaly belongs to the group of disorders called neural tube defects.
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* [[antiestrogen]] A substance that blocks the effects of estrogens (a family of hormones that helps develop and maintain female sex characteristics and the growth of long bones).
* [[antiestrogen]] A substance that blocks the effects of estrogens (a family of hormones that helps develop and maintain female sex characteristics and the growth of long bones).
* [[antioxidant]] A substance that protects cells from damage caused by free radicals (compounds formed during the metabolism of oxygen). It may help prevent the development of some chronic diseases such as cancer. Antioxidants include beta-carotene; lutein; lycopene; vitamins A, C, and E; selenium; and zinc.
* [[antioxidant]] A substance that protects cells from damage caused by free radicals (compounds formed during the metabolism of oxygen). It may help prevent the development of some chronic diseases such as cancer. Antioxidants include beta-carotene; lutein; lycopene; vitamins A, C, and E; selenium; and zinc.
* [[AOAC International]] AOAC International is a not-for-profit voluntary consensus standards body cited in the US Code of Federal Regulations under Title 21: "It is the policy of FDA in its enforcement program to use methods of analysis of AOAC International when available and applicable." AOAC is also cited under Title 9 within this context by the USDA. AOAC was founded in 1884 as the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists; in 1965 the Association's name changed to the Association of Official Analytical Chemists to reflect expansion of scope. The organization now refers to itself as AOAC International.
* [[antioxidant]] is a molecule capable of inhibiting the oxidation of other molecules. Antioxidants play a crucial role in protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals and oxidative stress, which are thought to contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer and heart disease.
* [[antipsychotic]] is a medication used to treat symptoms of mental illness, such as delusions, hallucinations, and aggression. Antipsychotics are often used to treat conditions like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression.
* [[antiviral]] refers to a drug or other substance that is used to treat viral infections. Antivirals are designed to interfere with the replication of viruses, making it difficult for them to reproduce and spread.
* [[apathy]] Having no emotion, interests, or concerns.
* [[apathy]] Having no emotion, interests, or concerns.
* [[aphasia]] is a language disorder that results from damage to the brain, typically due to a stroke or brain injury. A person with aphasia may have difficulty speaking, writing, or understanding language.
* [[apnea]] is a sleep disorder characterized by temporary pauses in breathing during sleep. These pauses can last from a few seconds to several minutes and can occur many times during the night.
* [[aqueous]] Having to do with water.
* [[aqueous]] Having to do with water.
* [[arthritis]] A group of diseases in which one or more joints (places in the body where two bones connect) become swollen and painful. The most common type of arthritis is osteoarthritis. It is caused by the breakdown of cartilage, a type of tissue that cushions and supports the joint. Without cartilage, the bones in the joint rub together, causing inflammation (swelling, redness, pain, and warmth) and stiffness. Arthritis may affect the fingers, hips, knees, lower back, feet, or any joint in the body.
* [[arthritis]] A group of diseases in which one or more joints (places in the body where two bones connect) become swollen and painful. The most common type of arthritis is osteoarthritis. It is caused by the breakdown of cartilage, a type of tissue that cushions and supports the joint. Without cartilage, the bones in the joint rub together, causing inflammation (swelling, redness, pain, and warmth) and stiffness. Arthritis may affect the fingers, hips, knees, lower back, feet, or any joint in the body.
* [[association]] A relationship between two conditions or states such that if one is present, the other is likely to be present as well. An association between two conditions or states, however, does not necessarily imply a cause and effect relationship. The terms association and relationship are often used interchangeably.
* [[association]] A relationship between two conditions or states such that if one is present, the other is likely to be present as well. An association between two conditions or states, however, does not necessarily imply a cause and effect relationship. The terms association and relationship are often used interchangeably.
* [[asthma]] A long-lasting disease in which the airways that carry air in and out of the lungs sometimes become narrower, limiting the amount of air that can flow through them, and causing wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and trouble breathing (called a spasm). Cells in the airways may also make more mucus than usual, which narrows the airways even more. Asthma can also cause death, but can usually be controlled with regular treatment. It may be caused by allergies (such as to pet hair, dust, mold, pollen, or cockroaches), respiratory infections, vigorous exercise, environmental factors (such as cigarette smoke, certain foods, or pollution), stress, and genetics (a child is more likely to have asthma if one or both parents have asthma).
* [[asthma]] A long-lasting disease in which the airways that carry air in and out of the lungs sometimes become narrower, limiting the amount of air that can flow through them, and causing wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and trouble breathing (called a spasm). Cells in the airways may also make more mucus than usual, which narrows the airways even more. Asthma can also cause death, but can usually be controlled with regular treatment. It may be caused by allergies (such as to pet hair, dust, mold, pollen, or cockroaches), respiratory infections, vigorous exercise, environmental factors (such as cigarette smoke, certain foods, or pollution), stress, and genetics (a child is more likely to have asthma if one or both parents have asthma).
* [[asthma]] is a chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, making it difficult to breathe. Symptoms of asthma include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.
* [[ataxia]] Loss of muscle coordination.
* [[ataxia]] Loss of muscle coordination.
* [[ataxia]] is a group of neurological conditions that cause difficulty with coordination and balance. People with ataxia may have trouble walking, speaking, and performing other activities that require motor control.
* [[atherosclerosis]] A condition in which certain blood vessels (arteries) are clogged and have hardened. Atherosclerosis is caused by fat and cholesterol deposits (plaque) that block blood flow to certain parts of the body. It increases a person's chance (risk) of having a heart attack, stroke, kidney damage, or other diseases involving the arteries.
* [[atherosclerosis]] A condition in which certain blood vessels (arteries) are clogged and have hardened. Atherosclerosis is caused by fat and cholesterol deposits (plaque) that block blood flow to certain parts of the body. It increases a person's chance (risk) of having a heart attack, stroke, kidney damage, or other diseases involving the arteries.
* [[atrophic gastritis]] A long-lasting (chronic) condition in which the linining of the stomach is inflamed. Gradually the lining wastes away, destroying the glands that make stomach acid.
* [[atrophic gastritis]] A long-lasting (chronic) condition in which the linining of the stomach is inflamed. Gradually the lining wastes away, destroying the glands that make stomach acid.
* [[atrophy]] A weakening, decrease in size, or wasting away of a tissue, organ, or part of the body. For example, the muscles of a leg that has been in a cast for some time will atrophy because they are not being used, causing them to become smaller and weaker.
* [[atrophy]] A weakening, decrease in size, or wasting away of a tissue, organ, or part of the body. For example, the muscles of a leg that has been in a cast for some time will atrophy because they are not being used, causing them to become smaller and weaker.
* [[atrophy]] is a reduction in size or wasting away of a body part or tissue. This can occur as a result of disuse, disease, or injury.
* [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] ADHD. A common mental disorder that usually develops before age 7 and may continue into adulthood. Symptoms include inattention, excessive impulsiveness, and/or inability to remain still and quiet.
* [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] ADHD. A common mental disorder that usually develops before age 7 and may continue into adulthood. Symptoms include inattention, excessive impulsiveness, and/or inability to remain still and quiet.
* [[autism]] is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication, social interaction, and behavior. People with autism may have difficulty with social cues, repetitive behaviors, and other symptoms that can impact their daily life.
* [[autoimmune disease]] A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them.
* [[autoimmune disease]] A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them.
* [[B vitamin]] A nutrient that is important for cell function. The B vitamins are biotin, folate, niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin (vitamin B2), thiamin, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12. The B vitamins make up the vitamin B complex.
* [[avitaminosis]] refers to a deficiency of vitamins in the body. This can occur as a result of poor nutrition, an inability to absorb vitamins, or an increased need for vitamins due to certain medical conditions.
* [[bacteria]] Single-celled organisms that are too small to be seen without a microscope. Bacteria are found everywhere and may be helpful or harmful.
* [[bacteria]] Single-celled organisms that are too small to be seen without a microscope. Bacteria are found everywhere and may be helpful or harmful.
* [[barbiturate]] A category of drug used to treat seizure disorders, insomnia, and anxiety and to calm patients before surgery. It belongs to the family of drugs called central nervous system depressants.
* [[barbiturate]] A category of drug used to treat seizure disorders, insomnia, and anxiety and to calm patients before surgery. It belongs to the family of drugs called central nervous system depressants.
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* [[biologic product]] A substance made from biological (living) sources and used to prevent, treat, or cure disease or injury. Examples include antibodies, vaccines, and blood products.
* [[biologic product]] A substance made from biological (living) sources and used to prevent, treat, or cure disease or injury. Examples include antibodies, vaccines, and blood products.
* [[biological activity]] An effect on life processes. For example, the biological activity of a vitamin means the effect it has on specific life processes in the body.
* [[biological activity]] An effect on life processes. For example, the biological activity of a vitamin means the effect it has on specific life processes in the body.
* [[biopsy]] is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is removed from the body for examination under a microscope. A biopsy can be used to diagnose various medical conditions, including cancer.
* [[biotin]] A nutrient that is needed by the body to change carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids into energy and the basic materials needed for important life processes. It belongs to the group of vitamins called the vitamin B complex. Biotin is found in some foods, including egg yolk, liver, and yeast.
* [[biotin]] A nutrient that is needed by the body to change carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids into energy and the basic materials needed for important life processes. It belongs to the group of vitamins called the vitamin B complex. Biotin is found in some foods, including egg yolk, liver, and yeast.
* [[biotinidase deficiency]] An inherited condition in which the body cannot use the biotin (a B vitamin) in foods . The body needs biotin to help break down food into energy. Symptoms of this condition typically appear in infancy or childhood. Kids with mild biotinidase deficiency may have weak muscles, skin rashes, and hair loss. Severe biotinidase deficiency can cause seizures, breathing problems, hearing and vision loss, problems with movement and balance, and an infection called candidiasis. Affected children also grow and develop more slowly. Biotinidase deficiency can be treated by a healthcare provider with high doses of biotin.
* [[biotinidase deficiency]] An inherited condition in which the body cannot use the biotin (a B vitamin) in foods . The body needs biotin to help break down food into energy. Symptoms of this condition typically appear in infancy or childhood. Kids with mild biotinidase deficiency may have weak muscles, skin rashes, and hair loss. Severe biotinidase deficiency can cause seizures, breathing problems, hearing and vision loss, problems with movement and balance, and an infection called candidiasis. Affected children also grow and develop more slowly. Biotinidase deficiency can be treated by a healthcare provider with high doses of biotin.
* [[bipolar disorder]] is a mental illness characterized by periods of elevated mood (mania) and depression. People with bipolar disorder can experience extreme mood swings, which can have a significant impact on their daily life and relationships.
* [[black cohosh]] A plant whose rhizome and root are used to relieve hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause. It is not known how black cohosh works or whether it acts like estrogen (a hormone needed to develop and maintain female sex characteristics and the growth of long bones). Historically, black cohosh has been used to treat many medical conditions. Also called black snakeroot, bugbane, bugwort, rattleroot, rattletop, rattleweed, and macrotys. Latin names: Actaea racemosa and Cimicifuga racemosa.
* [[black cohosh]] A plant whose rhizome and root are used to relieve hot flashes and other symptoms of menopause. It is not known how black cohosh works or whether it acts like estrogen (a hormone needed to develop and maintain female sex characteristics and the growth of long bones). Historically, black cohosh has been used to treat many medical conditions. Also called black snakeroot, bugbane, bugwort, rattleroot, rattletop, rattleweed, and macrotys. Latin names: Actaea racemosa and Cimicifuga racemosa.
* [[bladder cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the bladder (the organ that stores urine).
* [[bladder cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the bladder (the organ that stores urine).
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* [[botanist]] A scientist who studies the biology of plants.
* [[botanist]] A scientist who studies the biology of plants.
* [[breast cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the breast.
* [[breast cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the breast.
* [[BRT]] Botanical Review Team of the Center for Drug Evaluation Research of the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). BRT provides scientific expertise on botanical issues to CDER's reviewing staff and ensures consistent interpretation of FDA's "Guidance for Industry: Botanical Drug Products."
* [[caffeic acid]] A component of black cohosh.
* [[caffeic acid]] A component of black cohosh.
* [[calcium carbonate]] A chemical compound naturally found in chalk, some seashells and other substances. Calcium carbonate is used in antacid drugs to treat indigestion and as a source of calcium to supplement the diet.
* [[calcium]] A mineral found throughout the body. Calcium is needed for healthy bones and teeth, for nerves and enzymes to function properly, and for blood clotting. Calcium is found in some foods, including milk, yogurt, and cheese, and in Chinese cabbage, kale, broccoli and fortified foods, such as many drinks, tofu, and cereals.
* [[calcium]] A mineral found throughout the body. Calcium is needed for healthy bones and teeth, for nerves and enzymes to function properly, and for blood clotting. Calcium is found in some foods, including milk, yogurt, and cheese, and in Chinese cabbage, kale, broccoli and fortified foods, such as many drinks, tofu, and cereals.
* [[calcium carbonate]] A chemical compound naturally found in chalk, some seashells and other substances. Calcium carbonate is used in antacid drugs to treat indigestion and as a source of calcium to supplement the diet.
* [[cancer survivor]] A person with cancer, from the time he or she is diagnosed through the balance of his or her life.
* [[cancer]] A group of diseases in which cells divide abnormally and without control, and spread to nearby tissues and other parts of the body. Without treatment, cancer can stop organs from working normally, damage body systems, and cause the patient to die. Cancer may be caused by multiple factors, such as radiation, sunlight, tobacco, certain viruses, and poisonous chemicals; however, the cause of many cancers is unknown.
* [[cancer]] A group of diseases in which cells divide abnormally and without control, and spread to nearby tissues and other parts of the body. Without treatment, cancer can stop organs from working normally, damage body systems, and cause the patient to die. Cancer may be caused by multiple factors, such as radiation, sunlight, tobacco, certain viruses, and poisonous chemicals; however, the cause of many cancers is unknown.
* [[cancer survivor]] A person with cancer, from the time he or she is diagnosed through the balance of his or her life.
* [[capsule]] A gelatin shell containing a dose of medicine, a vitamin, or other dietary supplement.
* [[capsule]] A gelatin shell containing a dose of medicine, a vitamin, or other dietary supplement.
* [[carcinogen]] A substance that causes cancer.
* [[carcinogen]] A substance that causes cancer.
* [[cardiac arrest]] A condition in which the heart suddenly stops beating.
* [[cardiac]] Having to do with the heart.
* [[cardiac]] Having to do with the heart.
* [[cardiac arrest]] A condition in which the heart suddenly stops beating.
* [[cardiovascular disease]] CVD. A general term referring to disorders of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes coronary artery disease, heart failure, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, peripheral artery disease, and stroke.
* [[cardiovascular disease]] CVD. A general term referring to disorders of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes coronary artery disease, heart failure, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, peripheral artery disease, and stroke.
* [[cardiovascular event]] A heart attack, stroke, or other occurrence that damages the heart or blood vessels.
* [[cardiovascular event]] A heart attack, stroke, or other occurrence that damages the heart or blood vessels.
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* [[cataract]] A condition in which the lens of the eye becomes cloudy. Symptoms include blurred, cloudy, or double vision; sensitivity to light; and difficulty seeing at night. Without treatment, cataracts can cause blindness. Cataracts occur in people of all ages but are most common in the elderly.
* [[cataract]] A condition in which the lens of the eye becomes cloudy. Symptoms include blurred, cloudy, or double vision; sensitivity to light; and difficulty seeing at night. Without treatment, cataracts can cause blindness. Cataracts occur in people of all ages but are most common in the elderly.
* [[celiac disease]] An autoimmune disorder in which eating gluten (a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and possibly oats) causes the immune system to damage the small intestine, making it unable to absorb nutrients. It is a genetic disease that sometimes becomes active for the first time after surgery, pregnancy, childbirth, viral infection, or extreme stress. Also called sprue.
* [[celiac disease]] An autoimmune disorder in which eating gluten (a protein found in wheat, rye, barley, and possibly oats) causes the immune system to damage the small intestine, making it unable to absorb nutrients. It is a genetic disease that sometimes becomes active for the first time after surgery, pregnancy, childbirth, viral infection, or extreme stress. Also called sprue.
* [[cell]] The individual unit that makes up the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells, which are the smallest units of living structure capable of independent existence.
* [[cell differentiation]] The process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function. For example, unspecialized cells differentiate to become nerve cells, muscle cells, blood cells, or other specialized tissue cells.
* [[cell differentiation]] The process during which young, immature (unspecialized) cells take on individual characteristics and reach their mature (specialized) form and function. For example, unspecialized cells differentiate to become nerve cells, muscle cells, blood cells, or other specialized tissue cells.
* [[cell division]] The method by which a single cell divides to create two cells. This is a continuous process that allows a population of cells to increase in number or remain the same in number.
* [[cell division]] The method by which a single cell divides to create two cells. This is a continuous process that allows a population of cells to increase in number or remain the same in number.
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* [[cell membrane]] An envelope that contains the contents of a cell and controls what passes into and out of the cell.
* [[cell membrane]] An envelope that contains the contents of a cell and controls what passes into and out of the cell.
* [[cell study]] A research tool in which individual units (cells) that make up the tissues of an animal or human body are studied outside of the body to find out if a drug or other treatment is likely to be safe and useful in the body. Cell studies are usually completed before testing is done in humans.
* [[cell study]] A research tool in which individual units (cells) that make up the tissues of an animal or human body are studied outside of the body to find out if a drug or other treatment is likely to be safe and useful in the body. Cell studies are usually completed before testing is done in humans.
* [[Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition]] CFSAN, US Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services. CFSAN is responsible for developing policy and regulations for dietary supplements.
* [[cell]] The individual unit that makes up the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells, which are the smallest units of living structure capable of independent existence.
* [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] CDC. An organization within the federal government responsible for prevention and control of infectious disease and other health threats. It is part of the US Department of Health and Human Services.
* [[central nervous system depressant]] A medication that changes brain function and causes drowsiness. It may be used in anesthesia. Also called CNS depressant.
* [[central nervous system depressant]] A medication that changes brain function and causes drowsiness. It may be used in anesthesia. Also called CNS depressant.
* [[central nervous system disorder]] A disease or condition that affects the brain, the spinal cord, and the ability to think, move, see, hear, taste, smell, or touch.
* [[central nervous system disorder]] A disease or condition that affects the brain, the spinal cord, and the ability to think, move, see, hear, taste, smell, or touch.
* [[certified reference material]] A reference material characterized by a metrologically valid procedure for one or more specified properties, accompanied by a certificate that provides the value of the specified property, its associated uncertainty, and a statement of metrological traceability. Certified reference materials are traceable to international standards with a known uncertainty and therefore can be used to address all aspects of bias (method, laboratory, and within-laboratory) simultaneously, assuming that there is no matrix mismatch.
* [[certified reference material]] A reference material characterized by a metrologically valid procedure for one or more specified properties, accompanied by a certificate that provides the value of the specified property, its associated uncertainty, and a statement of metrological traceability. Certified reference materials are traceable to international standards with a known uncertainty and therefore can be used to address all aspects of bias (method, laboratory, and within-laboratory) simultaneously, assuming that there is no matrix mismatch.
* [[chamomile]] The flower of this herb is used in some cultures for its calming effect, to promote sleep, and as a treatment for indigestion. It is being studied in relieving chronic pain in children with bowel disorders. Latin names: Matricaria recutita and Anthemis nobilis.
* [[chamomile]] The flower of this herb is used in some cultures for its calming effect, to promote sleep, and as a treatment for indigestion. It is being studied in relieving chronic pain in children with bowel disorders. Latin names: Matricaria recutita and Anthemis nobilis.
* [[Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory]] CSTL, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Department of Commerce. CSTL supports the food and dietary supplement industry by providing reference measurements and reference standards for quality assurance and to help ensure compliance with nutritional labeling regulations.
* [[chemoprevention]] The use of drugs, vitamins, or other substances to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer.
* [[chemoprevention]] The use of drugs, vitamins, or other substances to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer.
* [[chemotherapy]] A chemical that kills bacteria, viruses, fungi, or tumor cells. It usually refers to drugs used in cancer treatment.
* [[chemotherapy]] A chemical that kills bacteria, viruses, fungi, or tumor cells. It usually refers to drugs used in cancer treatment.
* [[cholesterol]] A substance found throughout the body. It is made by the liver and is an important component of cells. Cholesterol is also used to make hormones, bile acid, and vitamin D. Foods that come from animals contain cholesterol, including eggs, dairy products, meat, poultry and fish. High blood levels of cholesterol increase a person's chance (risk) of developing atherosclerosis and heart disease.
* [[cholesterol]] A substance found throughout the body. It is made by the liver and is an important component of cells. Cholesterol is also used to make hormones, bile acid, and vitamin D. Foods that come from animals contain cholesterol, including eggs, dairy products, meat, poultry and fish. High blood levels of cholesterol increase a person's chance (risk) of developing atherosclerosis and heart disease.
* [[chronic disease]] A condition that is continuous or recurrent, is not easily cured, and cannot be passed from person to person. Examples of chronic diseases include heart disease, diabetes, and asthma.
* [[chronic]] Happening for a long time, persistently, or repeatedly.
* [[chronic]] Happening for a long time, persistently, or repeatedly.
* [[chronic disease]] A condition that is continuous or recurrent, is not easily cured, and cannot be passed from person to person. Examples of chronic diseases include heart disease, diabetes, and asthma.
* [[cimicifugin]] A resin (a component of some plants) found in black cohosh.
* [[cimicifugin]] A resin (a component of some plants) found in black cohosh.
* [[cimicifugoside]] A component of black cohosh. It belongs to the family of chemical compounds called triterpene glycosides.
* [[cimicifugoside]] A component of black cohosh. It belongs to the family of chemical compounds called triterpene glycosides.
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* [[cognitive skills]] Mental and intellectual capabilities such as language, reading, math, reasoning, and critical thinking.
* [[cognitive skills]] Mental and intellectual capabilities such as language, reading, math, reasoning, and critical thinking.
* [[collagen]] A strong, flexible protein found in cartilage, tendons, bone, skin, and other connective tissue.
* [[collagen]] A strong, flexible protein found in cartilage, tendons, bone, skin, and other connective tissue.
* [[colon cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the large intestine (the tube-like organ connected to the small intestine at one end and the anus at the other).
* [[colon]] A tube-like organ about 5 feet long in adults that is connected to the small intestine at one end and the anus at the other. The colon absorbs water, some nutrients, and electrolytes (such as sodium and chloride) from partially digested food. The remaining material (solid waste called stool) moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus as a bowel movement. The colon is part of the digestive system (a series of organs from the mouth to the anus). Also called the large intestine.
* [[colon]] A tube-like organ about 5 feet long in adults that is connected to the small intestine at one end and the anus at the other. The colon absorbs water, some nutrients, and electrolytes (such as sodium and chloride) from partially digested food. The remaining material (solid waste called stool) moves through the colon to the rectum and leaves the body through the anus as a bowel movement. The colon is part of the digestive system (a series of organs from the mouth to the anus). Also called the large intestine.
* [[colon cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the large intestine (the tube-like organ connected to the small intestine at one end and the anus at the other).
* [[colorectal cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the colon (the longest part of the large intestine) and/or the rectum (the last several inches of the large intestine before the anus).
* [[colorectal cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the colon (the longest part of the large intestine) and/or the rectum (the last several inches of the large intestine before the anus).
* [[columnar cell]] A type of cell that lines the internal and external surfaces of the body.
* [[columnar cell]] A type of cell that lines the internal and external surfaces of the body.
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* [[constituent]] A component, part, or ingredient of a larger whole. For example, valerenic acid and valepotriate are constituents of the dietary supplement valerian.
* [[constituent]] A component, part, or ingredient of a larger whole. For example, valerenic acid and valepotriate are constituents of the dietary supplement valerian.
* [[consume]] To eat or drink.
* [[consume]] To eat or drink.
* [[Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals]] CSFII. A nationwide survey conducted by the US Department of Agriculture that collects information about the kinds and amounts of foods Americans eat. The information is used to study the nation's food supply, including learning whether the foods available to consumers contain enough of the nutrients needed to maintain a healthy diet, finding out how much the foods provided by food assistance programs (such as Food Stamps) contribute to a person's nutrition needs, and calculating the amount of a pesticide that can be used on a crop while providing a safe food product. In 2002, CSFII was incorporated into the ongoing National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
* [[control group]] In a research study or clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared with the group that receives the new treatment, to see whether the new treatment works.
* [[control]] In a clinical trial, the group of participants that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared with the group receiving the new treatment, to see whether the new treatment works. In an observational study, the controls are participants who do not have a particular health condition; the control group is compared with the group of participants who do have the condition to see if certain factors (such as diet, activity level, or use of dietary supplements) may be associated with developing or preventing the condition.
* [[control]] In a clinical trial, the group of participants that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared with the group receiving the new treatment, to see whether the new treatment works. In an observational study, the controls are participants who do not have a particular health condition; the control group is compared with the group of participants who do have the condition to see if certain factors (such as diet, activity level, or use of dietary supplements) may be associated with developing or preventing the condition.
* [[control group]] In a research study or clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared with the group that receives the new treatment, to see whether the new treatment works.
* [[conventional drug]] A currently accepted and widely used medicine for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past clinical research.
* [[conventional drug]] A currently accepted and widely used medicine for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past clinical research.
* [[conventional food]] Edible substances, excluding organic food, genetically modified food, functional food, and dietary supplements.
* [[conventional food]] Edible substances, excluding organic food, genetically modified food, functional food, and dietary supplements.
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* [[coronary artery]] A blood vessel that supplies blood and oxygen to the heart.
* [[coronary artery]] A blood vessel that supplies blood and oxygen to the heart.
* [[coronary heart disease]] A disease in which the blood vessels (coronary arteries) that carry blood and oxygen to the heart are narrowed or blocked, which can cause chest pain, shortness of breath, and heart attack. It is usually caused by a build-up of fat and cholesterol deposits inside the arteries (atherosclerosis).
* [[coronary heart disease]] A disease in which the blood vessels (coronary arteries) that carry blood and oxygen to the heart are narrowed or blocked, which can cause chest pain, shortness of breath, and heart attack. It is usually caused by a build-up of fat and cholesterol deposits inside the arteries (atherosclerosis).
* [[Crohn's disease]] A long-lasting (chronic) disease that causes severe irritation in the gastrointestinal tract. It usually affects the lower small intestine (called the ileum) or the colon, but it can affect any part of the digestive tract from the mouth to the anus. It is painful, causing severe watery or bloody diarrhea, and may lead to life-threatening complications. Crohn's disease is a form of inflammatory bowel disease.
* [[cruciferous vegetable]] A type of vegetable including arugula, bok choy, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, collards, kale, kohlrabi, mustard greens, radishes, rutabaga, turnips and watercress.
* [[cruciferous vegetable]] A type of vegetable including arugula, bok choy, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, collards, kale, kohlrabi, mustard greens, radishes, rutabaga, turnips and watercress.
* [[cure]] To heal or restore health; a treatment to restore health.
* [[cure]] To heal or restore health; a treatment to restore health.
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* [[cytology]] The study of cells using a microscope (a device that uses a combination of lenses to make enlarged images of tiny objects).
* [[cytology]] The study of cells using a microscope (a device that uses a combination of lenses to make enlarged images of tiny objects).
* [[cytotoxic]] Cell-killing.
* [[cytotoxic]] Cell-killing.
* [[Daily Value]] DV. A term used on a food or dietary supplement label that tells you how much of a particular nutrient (such as calcium) one serving of the food or supplement provides. DVs are given as percentages and help you compare one product with another. For example, a food that lists 40% DV for calcium would provide much more calcium than another food that lists 10% DV for calcium. For each nutrient, there is one DV for all people aged 4 years and older. DVs are established by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
* [[dairy food]] Milk and products made with milk, such as buttermilk, yogurt, cheese, cottage cheese, and ice cream.
* [[dairy food]] Milk and products made with milk, such as buttermilk, yogurt, cheese, cottage cheese, and ice cream.
* [[data]] Facts and information.
* [[data]] Facts and information.
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* [[diazepam]] A drug that is used as a sedative and muscle relaxant, and to treat anxiety and epileptic seizures.
* [[diazepam]] A drug that is used as a sedative and muscle relaxant, and to treat anxiety and epileptic seizures.
* [[dietary fiber]] A substance in plants that you cannot digest. It adds bulk to your diet to make you feel full, helps prevent constipation, and may help lower the risk of heart disease and diabetes. Good sources of dietary fiber include whole grains (such as brown rice, oats, quinoa, bulgur, and popcorn), legumes (such as black beans, garbanzo beans, split peas, and lentils), nuts, seeds, fruit, and vegetables.
* [[dietary fiber]] A substance in plants that you cannot digest. It adds bulk to your diet to make you feel full, helps prevent constipation, and may help lower the risk of heart disease and diabetes. Good sources of dietary fiber include whole grains (such as brown rice, oats, quinoa, bulgur, and popcorn), legumes (such as black beans, garbanzo beans, split peas, and lentils), nuts, seeds, fruit, and vegetables.
* [[Dietary Folate Equivalent]] DFE. A term used to describe the Recommended Dietary Allowance of folate. DFE accounts for the easier absorption of folic acid in supplements and fortified foods compared with folate found naturally in foods, which is absorbed only about half as well. One DFE = 1 microgram (mcg) food folate = 0.6 mcg folic acid from supplements and fortified foods.
* [[Dietary Guidelines for Americans]] Advice from the federal government to promote health and reduce the chance (risk) of long-lasting (chronic) diseases through nutrition and physical activity. The Guidelines are updated and published every 5 years by the US Department of Health and Human Services and the US Department of Agriculture.
* [[Dietary Reference Intake]] DRI. A term developed by the Institute of Medicine that refers to a set of recommendations used to plan and evaluate the nutrient intake of healthy people. The DRIs include the Estimated Average Requirement (an intake value estimated to meet the nutrient requirements of half of all people), the Recommended Dietary Allowance (a dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of most people), Adequate Intake (a recommended nutrient intake that meets or exceeds the amount needed to maintain adequate nutrition in most people), and the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (the largest daily intake of a nutrient that is considered unlikely to cause harmful side effects for most people).
* [[dietary supplement]] A product that is intended to supplement the diet. A dietary supplement contains one or more dietary ingredients (including vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals, amino acids, and other substances) or their components; is intended to be taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid; and is identified on the front label of the product as being a dietary supplement.
* [[dietary supplement]] A product that is intended to supplement the diet. A dietary supplement contains one or more dietary ingredients (including vitamins, minerals, herbs or other botanicals, amino acids, and other substances) or their components; is intended to be taken by mouth as a pill, capsule, tablet, or liquid; and is identified on the front label of the product as being a dietary supplement.
* [[digestion]] The process the body uses to break down food into simple substances for energy, growth, and cell repair.
* [[digestion]] The process the body uses to break down food into simple substances for energy, growth, and cell repair.
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* [[epilepsy]] A group of disorders that sometimes disrupts proper communication between brain cells, causing a seizure (a sudden change in behavior due to excessive electrical activity in the brain). It usually occurs in young children and the elderly. Epilepsy can be caused by abnormal brain development, brain damage, illness, tumors, or strokes. Often the cause is not known.
* [[epilepsy]] A group of disorders that sometimes disrupts proper communication between brain cells, causing a seizure (a sudden change in behavior due to excessive electrical activity in the brain). It usually occurs in young children and the elderly. Epilepsy can be caused by abnormal brain development, brain damage, illness, tumors, or strokes. Often the cause is not known.
* [[epithelium]] A thin layer of tissue that covers organs, glands, and other structures within the body.
* [[epithelium]] A thin layer of tissue that covers organs, glands, and other structures within the body.
* [[ER-negative]] Estrogen receptor negative (ER-). Having to do with breast cancer cells that do not have a protein (a receptor molecule) to which estrogen will attach. Breast cancer cells that are ER- do not need the hormone estrogen to grow and usually do not respond to hormone (antiestrogen) therapy that blocks these receptor sites.
* [[ER-positive]] Estrogen receptor positive (ER+). Having to do with breast cancer cells that have a protein (a receptor molecule) to which estrogen will attach. Breast cancer cells that are ER+ need the hormone estrogen to grow and will usually respond to hormone (antiestrogen) therapy that blocks these receptor sites.
* [[esophageal cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the esophagus (the hollow muscular tube that moves food and liquid from the throat to the stomach). Cancer starts in the mucous membrane lining the inside of the esophagus and spreads outward through the layers of connective tissue and muscle as it grows.
* [[esophageal cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the esophagus (the hollow muscular tube that moves food and liquid from the throat to the stomach). Cancer starts in the mucous membrane lining the inside of the esophagus and spreads outward through the layers of connective tissue and muscle as it grows.
* [[esophagus]] The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach.
* [[esophagus]] The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach.
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* [[esteem]] Admiration, regard, respect, and value.
* [[esteem]] Admiration, regard, respect, and value.
* [[ester]] A chemical compound made by the reaction between an alcohol and an acid.
* [[ester]] A chemical compound made by the reaction between an alcohol and an acid.
* [[Estimated Average Requirement]] EAR. A daily dietary intake value estimated by the Institute of Medicine to meet the nutrient requirements of half of all healthy people in a particular life stage and gender group. It is used to calculate the Recommended Dietary Allowance (that amount of a nutrient that meets the nutrient requirements of nearly all healthy individuals).
* [[estradiol]] A form of the hormone estrogen.
* [[estradiol]] A form of the hormone estrogen.
* [[estriol]] A form of the hormone estrogen.
* [[estriol]] A form of the hormone estrogen.
* [[estrogen receptor binding assay]] ER binding assay. A laboratory test to determine the presence of a protein found on cells of female reproductive tissue, some other tissues in the body, and some cancer cells. The hormone estrogen will attach (bind) to the receptors inside the cells and may cause the cells to grow.
* [[estrogen]] A hormone (a chemical made by the body that controls the actions of certain cells or organs) that is needed to develop and maintain female sex characteristics and the growth of long bones. Estrogens are also made in the laboratory and are used in birth control and to treat symptoms of menopause, menstrual disorders, and osteoporosis.
* [[estrogen]] A hormone (a chemical made by the body that controls the actions of certain cells or organs) that is needed to develop and maintain female sex characteristics and the growth of long bones. Estrogens are also made in the laboratory and are used in birth control and to treat symptoms of menopause, menstrual disorders, and osteoporosis.
* [[estrogen receptor binding assay]] ER binding assay. A laboratory test to determine the presence of a protein found on cells of female reproductive tissue, some other tissues in the body, and some cancer cells. The hormone estrogen will attach (bind) to the receptors inside the cells and may cause the cells to grow.
* [[ethanol]] A type of alcohol. Also called ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol.
* [[ethanol]] A type of alcohol. Also called ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol.
* [[evidence]] Information used to support the use of a particular screening procedure, treatment, or preventive measure. In medicine, evidence needed to determine effectiveness is provided by laboratory research, clinical trials, and other studies.
* [[evidence]] Information used to support the use of a particular screening procedure, treatment, or preventive measure. In medicine, evidence needed to determine effectiveness is provided by laboratory research, clinical trials, and other studies.
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* [[fatal]] Deadly; causing death.
* [[fatal]] Deadly; causing death.
* [[fatigue]] Extreme tiredness and an inability to function due to lack of energy.
* [[fatigue]] Extreme tiredness and an inability to function due to lack of energy.
* [[Federal Trade Commission]] FTC. A federal agency that protects consumers by preventing deceptive and unfair business practices. This includes unfair or deceptive advertising and marketing practices.
* [[fetal]] Having to do with a fetus (the developing human from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth).
* [[fetal]] Having to do with a fetus (the developing human from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth).
* [[fetus]] The developing human from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth.
* [[fetus]] The developing human from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth.
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* [[folic acid]] The form of folate (a B vitamin occurring naturally in food) that is manufactured and used in supplements and fortified foods.
* [[folic acid]] The form of folate (a B vitamin occurring naturally in food) that is manufactured and used in supplements and fortified foods.
* [[follicle-stimulating hormone]] FSH. A hormone made by the pituitary gland (an organ at the base of the brain) that is used in reproduction and in making estrogen and sperm.
* [[follicle-stimulating hormone]] FSH. A hormone made by the pituitary gland (an organ at the base of the brain) that is used in reproduction and in making estrogen and sperm.
* [[Food and Drug Administration]] FDA, Department of Health and Human Services. FDA is the Federal government agency responsible for ensuring that foods and dietary supplements are safe, wholesome and sanitary, and that drugs, medical devices, cosmetics, and food are honestly, accurately and informatively represented to the public. FDA regulates dietary supplements under a different set of regulations than those covering conventional foods and drug products (prescription and over-the-counter). The dietary supplement manufacturer is responsible for ensuring that a dietary supplement is safe before it is marketed. FDA is responsible for taking action against any unsafe dietary supplement product after it reaches the market. Generally, manufacturers do not need to get FDA approval before producing or selling dietary supplements.
* [[Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory]] FCMDL, US Department of Agriculture. The mission of FCMDL is to develop innovative measurement systems for the determination of food components that influence human health.
* [[fortified]] When nutrients (such as vitamins and minerals) are added to a food product. For example, when calcium is added to orange juice, the orange juice is said to be "fortified with calcium". Similarly, many breakfast cereals are "fortified" with several vitamins and minerals.
* [[fortified]] When nutrients (such as vitamins and minerals) are added to a food product. For example, when calcium is added to orange juice, the orange juice is said to be "fortified with calcium". Similarly, many breakfast cereals are "fortified" with several vitamins and minerals.
* [[fracture]] A break, for example, a bone fracture.
* [[fracture]] A break, for example, a bone fracture.
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* [[functional food]] A conventional or modified food or ingredient that provides a health benefit (such as a lowered risk of osteoporosis) in addition to the basic nutritional functions of the food. Examples include whole, fortified, enriched, and enhanced foods.
* [[functional food]] A conventional or modified food or ingredient that provides a health benefit (such as a lowered risk of osteoporosis) in addition to the basic nutritional functions of the food. Examples include whole, fortified, enriched, and enhanced foods.
* [[gamma aminobutyric acid]] GABA. A chemical found naturally in plants and animals. It stops nerve cells from communicating with each other and decreases electrical activity and nerve impulses in the brain. At high levels, GABA may cause a lack of coordination, sedation, and anesthesia.
* [[gamma aminobutyric acid]] GABA. A chemical found naturally in plants and animals. It stops nerve cells from communicating with each other and decreases electrical activity and nerve impulses in the brain. At high levels, GABA may cause a lack of coordination, sedation, and anesthesia.
* [[gastric]] Having to do with the stomach.
* [[gastric cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the stomach that spreads through the outer layers of the stomach as it grows.
* [[gastric cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the stomach that spreads through the outer layers of the stomach as it grows.
* [[gastric juice]] The digestive fluid made by the stomach. It contains hydrochloric acid, enzymes, intrinsic factor, and mucus.
* [[gastric juice]] The digestive fluid made by the stomach. It contains hydrochloric acid, enzymes, intrinsic factor, and mucus.
* [[gastric]] Having to do with the stomach.
* [[gastroesophageal reflux disease]] GERD. A condition in which stomach acid leaks back into the esophagus because the muscle between the stomach and the esophagus does not close properly. It causes frequent heartburn and can lead to more serious health problems such as ulcers, swallowing difficulties, and cancer.
* [[gastroesophageal reflux disease]] GERD. A condition in which stomach acid leaks back into the esophagus because the muscle between the stomach and the esophagus does not close properly. It causes frequent heartburn and can lead to more serious health problems such as ulcers, swallowing difficulties, and cancer.
* [[gastrointestinal]] GI. Having to do with the gastrointestinal tract (the large, muscular tube that extends from the mouth to the anus, where the movement of muscles and release of hormones and enzymes digest food).
* [[gastrointestinal motility disorder]] A condition in which digestion (the process in which food is moved through the gastrointestinal tract by repeating contractions called peristalsis) is abnormal because peristalsis does not work properly. It may be caused by problems with the muscles or nerves in the intestine, or by a problem with the hormones that tell the intestines when to contract. Gastrointestinal motility disorder may cause peristalsis to stop or be too fast or too slow, which causes bloating, constipation, diarrhea, difficulty swallowing, gas, heartburn, nausea, or vomiting. It may be the result of a genetic disorder, a disease (such as diabetes), or no known cause. Examples of gastrointestinal motility disorder include irritable bowel syndrome and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
* [[gastrointestinal motility disorder]] A condition in which digestion (the process in which food is moved through the gastrointestinal tract by repeating contractions called peristalsis) is abnormal because peristalsis does not work properly. It may be caused by problems with the muscles or nerves in the intestine, or by a problem with the hormones that tell the intestines when to contract. Gastrointestinal motility disorder may cause peristalsis to stop or be too fast or too slow, which causes bloating, constipation, diarrhea, difficulty swallowing, gas, heartburn, nausea, or vomiting. It may be the result of a genetic disorder, a disease (such as diabetes), or no known cause. Examples of gastrointestinal motility disorder include irritable bowel syndrome and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
* [[gastrointestinal tract]] The large, muscular tube that extends from the mouth to the anus, where the movement of muscles and release of hormones and enzymes digest food.
* [[gastrointestinal tract]] The large, muscular tube that extends from the mouth to the anus, where the movement of muscles and release of hormones and enzymes digest food.
* [[gene]] The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein.
* [[gastrointestinal]] GI. Having to do with the gastrointestinal tract (the large, muscular tube that extends from the mouth to the anus, where the movement of muscles and release of hormones and enzymes digest food).
* [[gene mutation]] A change in the DNA that makes up a gene. Mutations can occur when a cell divides and there are errors in the way the DNA is copied. Mutations can also be caused by exposure to certain chemicals and radiation, and from infections. Some gene mutations are passed from parents to their children. Others occur during a person’s lifetime.
* [[gene mutation]] A change in the DNA that makes up a gene. Mutations can occur when a cell divides and there are errors in the way the DNA is copied. Mutations can also be caused by exposure to certain chemicals and radiation, and from infections. Some gene mutations are passed from parents to their children. Others occur during a person’s lifetime.
* [[gene-modified]] Cells that have been altered to contain different genetic material than they originally contained.
* [[gene-modified]] Cells that have been altered to contain different genetic material than they originally contained.
* [[gene]] The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein.
* [[genetic disorder]] A disease or disorder caused by an alteration or variation (mutation) in a gene or group of genes in the cells of an individual. Examples of genetic disorders include breast cancer, cystic fibrosis, Parkinson's disease, and celiac disease. They can be inherited or can occur without a known cause.
* [[genetic disorder]] A disease or disorder caused by an alteration or variation (mutation) in a gene or group of genes in the cells of an individual. Examples of genetic disorders include breast cancer, cystic fibrosis, Parkinson's disease, and celiac disease. They can be inherited or can occur without a known cause.
* [[genetically modified food]] Food made from plants or animals whose genes have been changed in the laboratory. These changes may increase crop yields, control insects and weeds, or improve nutritional content. Also called genetically engineered food.
* [[genetically modified food]] Food made from plants or animals whose genes have been changed in the laboratory. These changes may increase crop yields, control insects and weeds, or improve nutritional content. Also called genetically engineered food.
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* [[gram]] g. A measure of weight. It is a metric unit of mass equal to 0.001 kilogram (it weighs 0.035 ounce).
* [[gram]] g. A measure of weight. It is a metric unit of mass equal to 0.001 kilogram (it weighs 0.035 ounce).
* [[gynecologic]] Having to do with the female reproductive tract (including the cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina).
* [[gynecologic]] Having to do with the female reproductive tract (including the cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina).
* [[H2 receptor antagonist]] A medication that reduces the amount of acid made by the stomach. It is used to treat conditions such as stomach ulcer (peptic ulcer) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
* [[Hamilton anxiety scale]] A rating system that is used to measure the severity of the symptoms of anxiety (including worrying, restlessness, fearfulness, trouble sleeping, poor concentration or memory, depression, aches and pains, shortness of breath, nausea, sweating, and impotence).
* [[HDL cholesterol]] Good cholesterol. HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol is a type of protein that carries excess cholesterol from the arteries to the liver to be removed from the body.
* [[health care provider]] A person who supplies health care services. Health care providers include individuals with professional training (including doctors, nurses, technicians, and aides).
* [[health care provider]] A person who supplies health care services. Health care providers include individuals with professional training (including doctors, nurses, technicians, and aides).
* [[health claim]] A statement on a food or dietary supplement product label that describes a relationship between a food, food component, or dietary supplement ingredient and the reduction in risk of developing a disease or health-related condition. For example: "Healthful diets with adequate folate may reduce a woman's risk of having a child with a brain or spinal cord birth defect."
* [[health claim]] A statement on a food or dietary supplement product label that describes a relationship between a food, food component, or dietary supplement ingredient and the reduction in risk of developing a disease or health-related condition. For example: "Healthful diets with adequate folate may reduce a woman's risk of having a child with a brain or spinal cord birth defect."
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* [[homeopathy]] An alternative medical system based on the ideas that "like cures like" (a disease can be cured by a substance that produces similar symptoms in healthy people) and the "law of minimum dose" (the lower the dose of medication, the greater its effectiveness). Homeopathic remedies are made from plant, mineral, or animal substances and are available as pills placed under the tongue, ointments, gels, drops, and creams.
* [[homeopathy]] An alternative medical system based on the ideas that "like cures like" (a disease can be cured by a substance that produces similar symptoms in healthy people) and the "law of minimum dose" (the lower the dose of medication, the greater its effectiveness). Homeopathic remedies are made from plant, mineral, or animal substances and are available as pills placed under the tongue, ointments, gels, drops, and creams.
* [[homocysteine]] An amino acid (a building block of protein). At high blood levels, it may increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease, heart attack, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease. Elevated homocysteine may also increase the risk of developing osteoporosis and bone fractures.
* [[homocysteine]] An amino acid (a building block of protein). At high blood levels, it may increase the risk of developing coronary heart disease, heart attack, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease. Elevated homocysteine may also increase the risk of developing osteoporosis and bone fractures.
* [[hormone replacement therapy]] HRT. Hormones (estrogen, progesterone, or both) given to women after menopause to make up for the hormones no longer made by the ovaries. Also called hormone therapy.
* [[hormone]] A group of chemicals made by glands in the body. Hormones circulate in the bloodstream and control the actions of certain cells or organs. Some hormones can also be manufactured.
* [[hormone]] A group of chemicals made by glands in the body. Hormones circulate in the bloodstream and control the actions of certain cells or organs. Some hormones can also be manufactured.
* [[hormone replacement therapy]] HRT. Hormones (estrogen, progesterone, or both) given to women after menopause to make up for the hormones no longer made by the ovaries. Also called hormone therapy.
* [[hot flash]] A sudden, temporary onset of body warmth, flushing, and sweating (often associated with menopause).
* [[hot flash]] A sudden, temporary onset of body warmth, flushing, and sweating (often associated with menopause).
* [[hydrochloric acid]] An acid made in the stomach. It works with enzymes (substances that speed up chemical reactions in the body) to break down proteins during digestion.
* [[hydrochloric acid]] An acid made in the stomach. It works with enzymes (substances that speed up chemical reactions in the body) to break down proteins during digestion.
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* [[inactive ingredient]] A substance that has no medicinal effect on the body. Uses of small amounts of inactive ingredients in dietary supplements include holding the tablet together, improving the taste or smell, and increasing the stability of the key ingredient.
* [[inactive ingredient]] A substance that has no medicinal effect on the body. Uses of small amounts of inactive ingredients in dietary supplements include holding the tablet together, improving the taste or smell, and increasing the stability of the key ingredient.
* [[incidence]] The number of new cases of a disease diagnosed in a specific group of people during a specific period of time. For example, the annual incidence of childhood cancer is 14.6 cases per 100,000 children aged birth to 14 years.
* [[incidence]] The number of new cases of a disease diagnosed in a specific group of people during a specific period of time. For example, the annual incidence of childhood cancer is 14.6 cases per 100,000 children aged birth to 14 years.
* [[infant formula]] An artificial form of breast milk.
* [[infant]] A child younger than 12 months old.
* [[infant]] A child younger than 12 months old.
* [[infant formula]] An artificial form of breast milk.
* [[infection]] The invasion and spread of germs in the body. The germs may be bacteria, viruses, yeast, or fungi.
* [[infection]] The invasion and spread of germs in the body. The germs may be bacteria, viruses, yeast, or fungi.
* [[infertility]] The inability to produce children.
* [[infertility]] The inability to produce children.
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* [[inorganic]] Describes a substance that is not of plant or animal origin. For example, minerals are inorganic.
* [[inorganic]] Describes a substance that is not of plant or animal origin. For example, minerals are inorganic.
* [[insomnia]] Difficulty in going to sleep or in getting enough sleep.
* [[insomnia]] Difficulty in going to sleep or in getting enough sleep.
* [[Institute of Medicine]] IOM. A private nongovernmental organization that issues reports on biomedical science, medicine, and health as requested by government agencies, private industry, and foundations.
* [[insulin resistance]] A condition in which glucose (blood sugar) cannot be absorbed by the cells and used for energy. Instead, glucose builds up in the blood and the body produces more and more insulin (which normally would help glucose get into the cells), resulting in abnormally high blood levels of both glucose and insulin. This can lead to pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and other serious health problems.
* [[insulin resistance]] A condition in which glucose (blood sugar) cannot be absorbed by the cells and used for energy. Instead, glucose builds up in the blood and the body produces more and more insulin (which normally would help glucose get into the cells), resulting in abnormally high blood levels of both glucose and insulin. This can lead to pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and other serious health problems.
* [[interaction]] A change in the way a dietary supplement acts in the body when taken with certain other supplements, medicines, or foods, or when taken with certain medical conditions. Interactions may cause the dietary supplement to be more or less effective, or cause effects on the body that are not expected.
* [[interaction]] A change in the way a dietary supplement acts in the body when taken with certain other supplements, medicines, or foods, or when taken with certain medical conditions. Interactions may cause the dietary supplement to be more or less effective, or cause effects on the body that are not expected.
* [[International Unit]] IU. A measurement used to measure the activity of some vitamins and other biological substances (such as enzymes and hormones).
* [[intervention study]] A clinical trial in which a group of people with the same condition is separated into two groups. One group receives the intervention (such as treatment or prevention), and the other group does not. The two groups are compared at the end of the study to see whether the intervention was more effective. For example, in an intervention study of hot flashes in postmenopausal women, one group takes black cohosh (an herbal supplement), and the other group takes a placebo (sugar pill). At the end of the study, the groups are compared to see whether the women taking black cohosh had fewer hot flashes than the women taking the placebo.
* [[intervention]] Action taken to improve health or to treat or cure a disease.
* [[intervention]] Action taken to improve health or to treat or cure a disease.
* [[intervention study]] A clinical trial in which a group of people with the same condition is separated into two groups. One group receives the intervention (such as treatment or prevention), and the other group does not. The two groups are compared at the end of the study to see whether the intervention was more effective. For example, in an intervention study of hot flashes in postmenopausal women, one group takes black cohosh (an herbal supplement), and the other group takes a placebo (sugar pill). At the end of the study, the groups are compared to see whether the women taking black cohosh had fewer hot flashes than the women taking the placebo.
* [[intestine]] The section of the digestive tract below the stomach, including the small and large intestines, rectum, and anus.
* [[intestine]] The section of the digestive tract below the stomach, including the small and large intestines, rectum, and anus.
* [[intravenous]] Into or within a vein, such as an intravenous injection.
* [[intravenous]] Into or within a vein, such as an intravenous injection.
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* [[iodize]] To add iodine. For example, iodized table salt has a small amount of iodine added to it to help prevent iodine deficiency.
* [[iodize]] To add iodine. For example, iodized table salt has a small amount of iodine added to it to help prevent iodine deficiency.
* [[ionizing radiation]] A type of radiation made (or given off) by x-ray procedures, radioactive substances, rays that enter the earth's atmosphere from outer space, and other sources. At high doses ionizing radiation increases chemical activity inside cells and can lead to health risks, including cancer.
* [[ionizing radiation]] A type of radiation made (or given off) by x-ray procedures, radioactive substances, rays that enter the earth's atmosphere from outer space, and other sources. At high doses ionizing radiation increases chemical activity inside cells and can lead to health risks, including cancer.
* [[IQ]] Intelligence quotient. A person’s score on a standardized intelligence test.
* [[iridoid]] A category of compounds found in some plants.
* [[iridoid]] A category of compounds found in some plants.
* [[iron]] In nutrition, a mineral the body needs to make red blood cells, proteins, and enzymes; and for the control of cell growth and cell specialization. Iron is found in some foods, including red meats, fish, poultry, lentils, and beans.
* [[iron]] In nutrition, a mineral the body needs to make red blood cells, proteins, and enzymes; and for the control of cell growth and cell specialization. Iron is found in some foods, including red meats, fish, poultry, lentils, and beans.
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* [[isopropyl alcohol]] A substance used to kill germs and as a solvent. Also called isopropanol and rubbing alcohol.
* [[isopropyl alcohol]] A substance used to kill germs and as a solvent. Also called isopropanol and rubbing alcohol.
* [[isotretinoin]] A form of vitamin A used as a drug (such as Accutane) to treat acne and psoriasis. It is being studied in the prevention of some types of cancer. It can cause birth defects and may interfere with the ability of the liver to function properly. Also called 13-cis retinoic acid.
* [[isotretinoin]] A form of vitamin A used as a drug (such as Accutane) to treat acne and psoriasis. It is being studied in the prevention of some types of cancer. It can cause birth defects and may interfere with the ability of the liver to function properly. Also called 13-cis retinoic acid.
* [[IU]] International Unit. A measurement used to measure the activity of some vitamins and other biological substances (such as enzymes and hormones).
* [[kava]] The root of this plant has been used in traditional medicine to relieve stress, anxiety, tension, sleeplessness, and problems of menopause. The US Food and Drug Administration advises users that products containing kava may cause severe liver damage. Also called kava kava, intoxicating pepper, rauschpfeffer, tonga, and yangona. Latin name: Piper methysticum.
* [[kava]] The root of this plant has been used in traditional medicine to relieve stress, anxiety, tension, sleeplessness, and problems of menopause. The US Food and Drug Administration advises users that products containing kava may cause severe liver damage. Also called kava kava, intoxicating pepper, rauschpfeffer, tonga, and yangona. Latin name: Piper methysticum.
* [[kidney]] One of two organs that remove waste from the blood (as urine). The kidneys also make erythropoietin (a substance that stimulates red blood cell production) and help regulate blood pressure. The kidneys are located near the back under the lower ribs.
* [[kidney disease]] A condition that lessens the ability of the kidneys to filter wastes from the blood, keep blood chemical levels balanced, and make certain hormones. The two most common causes of kidney disease are diabetes and high blood pressure. People with long-term kidney disease may need dialysis or a kidney transplant to stay alive.
* [[kidney disease]] A condition that lessens the ability of the kidneys to filter wastes from the blood, keep blood chemical levels balanced, and make certain hormones. The two most common causes of kidney disease are diabetes and high blood pressure. People with long-term kidney disease may need dialysis or a kidney transplant to stay alive.
* [[kidney failure]] Loss of kidney function. When kidney failure is caused by an acute (sudden and short-term) condition, such as a traumatic injury or poisoning, the kidneys may be able to recover. Usually, however, kidney failure is caused by chronic (long-term) conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes. Chronic diseases permanently damage kidney tissue; treatments include dialysis and kidney transplantation.
* [[kidney failure]] Loss of kidney function. When kidney failure is caused by an acute (sudden and short-term) condition, such as a traumatic injury or poisoning, the kidneys may be able to recover. Usually, however, kidney failure is caused by chronic (long-term) conditions such as high blood pressure and diabetes. Chronic diseases permanently damage kidney tissue; treatments include dialysis and kidney transplantation.
* [[kidney stone]] A “pebble” that forms in a kidney from salts and minerals in the urine. A small kidney stone is able to pass out of the body; a large stone may block the urinary tract and require medical help.
* [[kidney stone]] A “pebble” that forms in a kidney from salts and minerals in the urine. A small kidney stone is able to pass out of the body; a large stone may block the urinary tract and require medical help.
* [[Kupperman index]] A rating scale that is used to measure the severity of the symptoms of menopause, including hot flashes, tingling or crawling skin, difficulty sleeping, nervousness, melancholy, dizziness, weakness, joint or muscle pain, headache, and abnormal heart beat.
* [[kidney]] One of two organs that remove waste from the blood (as urine). The kidneys also make erythropoietin (a substance that stimulates red blood cell production) and help regulate blood pressure. The kidneys are located near the back under the lower ribs.
* [[label]] When referring to dietary supplements, information that appears on the product container, including a descriptive name of the product stating that it is a "supplement"; the name and place of business of the manufacturer, packer, or distributor; a complete list of ingredients; and each dietary ingredient contained in the product. Supplements must also include directions for use, nutrition labeling in the form of a Supplement Facts panel that identifies each dietary ingredient contained in the product and the serving size, amount, and active ingredients.
* [[label]] When referring to dietary supplements, information that appears on the product container, including a descriptive name of the product stating that it is a "supplement"; the name and place of business of the manufacturer, packer, or distributor; a complete list of ingredients; and each dietary ingredient contained in the product. Supplements must also include directions for use, nutrition labeling in the form of a Supplement Facts panel that identifies each dietary ingredient contained in the product and the serving size, amount, and active ingredients.
* [[labor]] The process of childbirth.
* [[labor]] The process of childbirth.
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* [[lactose]] A type of sugar found in milk and milk products.
* [[lactose]] A type of sugar found in milk and milk products.
* [[laxative]] A substance that moves the bowels and relieves constipation.
* [[laxative]] A substance that moves the bowels and relieves constipation.
* [[LDL cholesterol]] Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. A type of protein that carries cholesterol to many tissues throughout the body. High levels of LDL cholesterol increase the risk of coronary heart disease. Also called bad cholesterol.
* [[legume]] Dried beans and peas, including kidney beans, pinto beans, black beans, navy beans, lima beans, black-eyed peas, garbanzo beans (chickpeas), split peas, and lentils. Legumes are good sources of protein, iron, zinc, dietary fiber, folate, and potassium.
* [[legume]] Dried beans and peas, including kidney beans, pinto beans, black beans, navy beans, lima beans, black-eyed peas, garbanzo beans (chickpeas), split peas, and lentils. Legumes are good sources of protein, iron, zinc, dietary fiber, folate, and potassium.
* [[lens]] The clear part of the eye behind the iris that changes shape to focus near and far objects onto the retina (the nerve tissue at the back of the eye that receives images and sends them to the brain).
* [[lens]] The clear part of the eye behind the iris that changes shape to focus near and far objects onto the retina (the nerve tissue at the back of the eye that receives images and sends them to the brain).
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* [[mucous membrane]] The moist tissue that lines some organs and body cavities (such as the nose, mouth, and lungs) and makes mucus (a thick, slippery fluid). Also called mucosa.
* [[mucous membrane]] The moist tissue that lines some organs and body cavities (such as the nose, mouth, and lungs) and makes mucus (a thick, slippery fluid). Also called mucosa.
* [[multiple sclerosis]] A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, and loss of muscle coordination. It also causes problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin, a substance that insulates nerves and helps transmit nerve signals.
* [[multiple sclerosis]] A disorder of the central nervous system marked by weakness, numbness, and loss of muscle coordination. It also causes problems with vision, speech, and bladder control. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system destroys myelin, a substance that insulates nerves and helps transmit nerve signals.
* [[multivitamin/mineral dietary supplement]] MVM. A product that is meant to supplement the diet. MVMs contain a variety of vitamins and minerals. The number and amounts of these nutrients can vary substantially by product.
* [[multivitamin]] A product that is meant to supplement the diet. Multivitamins contain a variety of vitamins. The number and amounts of these nutrients can vary substantially by product.
* [[multivitamin]] A product that is meant to supplement the diet. Multivitamins contain a variety of vitamins. The number and amounts of these nutrients can vary substantially by product.
* [[multivitamin/mineral dietary supplement]] MVM. A product that is meant to supplement the diet. MVMs contain a variety of vitamins and minerals. The number and amounts of these nutrients can vary substantially by product.
* [[nasal]] Having to do with the nose.
* [[nasal]] Having to do with the nose.
* [[National Academies]] A private nonprofit organization that brings together committees of experts in all areas of science, technology, and health policy to address important national issues and give advice to the federal government and the public. It consists of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, the Institute of Medicine, and the National Research Council.
* [[National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine]] NCCAM explores complementary and alternative healing practices in the context of rigorous science, trains CAM medicine researchers, provides accurate information about CAM, and helps the public and health professionals understand which CAM therapies have been proven to be safe and effective.
* [[National Formulary of the United States Pharmacopeia]] NF is a book of public pharmacopeial standards. It contains standards for medicines, dosage forms, drug substances, excipients, medical devices, and dietary supplements.
* [[National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute]] NHLBI. An organization in the federal government that plans, conducts and supports research related to the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of patients suffering from diseases of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs; blood diseases; and sleep disorders. It also supports research on the clinical use of blood and management of blood resources. NHLBI is one of 27 Institutes and Centers that make up the National Institutes of Health.
* [[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] NIST, Department of Commerce. NIST is a nonregulatory Federal agency that promotes US innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve quality of life.
* [[National Institutes of Health]] NIH. The main organization in the federal government responsible for conducting and supporting medical research. It is composed of 27 Institutes and Centers that provide financial support to researchers in the United States and throughout the world to investigate ways to prevent, treat, and cure common and rare diseases. NIH is part of the US Department of Health and Human Services.
* [[naturalize]] To introduce a plant from one geographic region to another, and to allow it to establish itself without cultivation, and grow as if it were native to the area.
* [[naturalize]] To introduce a plant from one geographic region to another, and to allow it to establish itself without cultivation, and grow as if it were native to the area.
* [[nausea]] The uneasy feeling of having an urge to throw up (vomit).
* [[nausea]] The uneasy feeling of having an urge to throw up (vomit).
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* [[neonate]] An infant during the first month of life after birth.
* [[neonate]] An infant during the first month of life after birth.
* [[neonatologist]] A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of newborn infants.
* [[neonatologist]] A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of newborn infants.
* [[nerve ending]] The end of a nerve fiber that projects from the cell body of a nerve cell (neuron).
* [[nerve]] A bundle of microscopic fibers that carries messages back and forth from the brain to other parts of the body.
* [[nerve]] A bundle of microscopic fibers that carries messages back and forth from the brain to other parts of the body.
* [[nerve ending]] The end of a nerve fiber that projects from the cell body of a nerve cell (neuron).
* [[nervous system]] The brain and spinal cord, including the network of nerves that carry messages back and forth between the brain and all parts of the body. The nervous system controls what the body does.
* [[nervous system]] The brain and spinal cord, including the network of nerves that carry messages back and forth between the brain and all parts of the body. The nervous system controls what the body does.
* [[neural tube defects]] Birth defects of the brain and spinal cord. They happen when the neural tube, which develops into the brain and spinal cord during the first few weeks of pregnancy, doesn't close completely. One common neural tube defect is spina bifida, in which part of the spinal cord pokes through the spine. Another common neural tube defect is anencephaly, in which major parts of the brain are missing, and the baby dies.
* [[neural tube defects]] Birth defects of the brain and spinal cord. They happen when the neural tube, which develops into the brain and spinal cord during the first few weeks of pregnancy, doesn't close completely. One common neural tube defect is spina bifida, in which part of the spinal cord pokes through the spine. Another common neural tube defect is anencephaly, in which major parts of the brain are missing, and the baby dies.
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* [[neutrophil]] A type of white blood cell.
* [[neutrophil]] A type of white blood cell.
* [[niacin]] A nutrient that is needed by the body to make energy from food, and for important cellular functions. Niacin is found in some foods, including poultry, beef, pork, fish, nuts, legumes, whole grains, and enriched or fortified breads and cereals. In medicine it is used as a drug to lower high blood cholesterol levels. It is one of the B vitamins. Also called nicotinamide and nicotinic acid.
* [[niacin]] A nutrient that is needed by the body to make energy from food, and for important cellular functions. Niacin is found in some foods, including poultry, beef, pork, fish, nuts, legumes, whole grains, and enriched or fortified breads and cereals. In medicine it is used as a drug to lower high blood cholesterol levels. It is one of the B vitamins. Also called nicotinamide and nicotinic acid.
* [[NIST Standard Reference Materials®]] A certified reference material issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) that meets additional NIST-specific certification criteria and is issued with a certificate or certificate of analysis that reports the results of its characterizations and provides information regarding the appropriate use(s) of the material.
* [[nitrite]] A chemical substance that contains nitrogen and oxygen and is used to preserve food.
* [[nitrite]] A chemical substance that contains nitrogen and oxygen and is used to preserve food.
* [[nitrosamine]] A chemical substance that can form in the acid conditions of the stomach. It may cause cancer.
* [[nitrosamine]] A chemical substance that can form in the acid conditions of the stomach. It may cause cancer.
* [[nonorganic insomnia]] A sleep disorder (difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep) that occurs as a symptom of a physical or mental disease.
* [[nonorganic insomnia]] A sleep disorder (difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep) that occurs as a symptom of a physical or mental disease.
* [[norethisterone acetate]] A substance used in oral contraceptives (birth control pills) and as a treatment for endometriosis (a condition in which tissue that is normally found inside the uterus grows elsewhere in the abdomen).
* [[norethisterone acetate]] A substance used in oral contraceptives (birth control pills) and as a treatment for endometriosis (a condition in which tissue that is normally found inside the uterus grows elsewhere in the abdomen).
* [[Nurses' Health Study]] An ongoing long-term study of diet, nutrition, and risk factors for major chronic disease in a large number of women in the United States.
* [[nursing]] Breastfeeding.
* [[nursing]] Breastfeeding.
* [[nutrient content claim]] A statement on a food or dietary supplement product label that describes the amount of a nutrient or dietary substance in a product. Examples of nutrient claims for dietary supplement products include fortified, high, rich in, excellent source of, good source of, and high potency.
* [[nutrient]] A chemical compound in food that is used by the body to function and maintain health. Examples of nutrients include proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.
* [[nutrient]] A chemical compound in food that is used by the body to function and maintain health. Examples of nutrients include proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.
* [[nutrient content claim]] A statement on a food or dietary supplement product label that describes the amount of a nutrient or dietary substance in a product. Examples of nutrient claims for dietary supplement products include fortified, high, rich in, excellent source of, good source of, and high potency.
* [[Nutrient Data Laboratory]] NDL, US Department of Agriculture. NDL develops authoritative food composition databases and state-of-the-art methods to acquire, evaluate, compile and disseminate composition data on foods available in the United States.
* [[nutrition]] The process of eating, digesting, and absorbing nutrients (such as protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins, minerals, and water) from food to maintain the body, grow new cells, repair tissues, and supply energy. Nutrition is also the science of food, diet, and health.
* [[nutrition]] The process of eating, digesting, and absorbing nutrients (such as protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins, minerals, and water) from food to maintain the body, grow new cells, repair tissues, and supply energy. Nutrition is also the science of food, diet, and health.
* [[nutritional yeast]] A food product or food additive made from yeast (a fungus). The yeast is pasteurized (heated) to prevent it from growing in a person's digestive tract. Nutritional yeast is used as a source of protein and B vitamins. Some (but not all) brands of nutritional yeast contain vitamin B12. Latin name: Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
* [[nutritional]] Having to do with nutrition (eating, digesting, and absorbing the nutrients in food, and the health and disease consequences).
* [[nutritional]] Having to do with nutrition (eating, digesting, and absorbing the nutrients in food, and the health and disease consequences).
* [[nutritional yeast]] A food product or food additive made from yeast (a fungus). The yeast is pasteurized (heated) to prevent it from growing in a person's digestive tract. Nutritional yeast is used as a source of protein and B vitamins. Some (but not all) brands of nutritional yeast contain vitamin B12. Latin name: Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
* [[obesity]] A condition characterized by an excessive amount of body fat. Obesity can be assessed by calculating the body mass index (BMI). (BMI is a number that estimates the amount of body fat on a person, based on weight and height. In adults, a BMI of 30 or higher indicates obesity. Some people, such as bodybuilders or other athletes with a lot of muscle, can be overweight without having obesity. See: overweight.
* [[obesity]] A condition characterized by an excessive amount of body fat. Obesity can be assessed by calculating the body mass index (BMI). (BMI is a number that estimates the amount of body fat on a person, based on weight and height. In adults, a BMI of 30 or higher indicates obesity. Some people, such as bodybuilders or other athletes with a lot of muscle, can be overweight without having obesity. See: overweight.
* [[objective]] Having to do with fact, experience, or direct observation rather than personal opinion or feeling.
* [[objective]] Having to do with fact, experience, or direct observation rather than personal opinion or feeling.
* [[observational study]] A type of research in which individuals are observed for a specific period of time, sometimes for many years, and certain outcomes are measured. No attempt is made to affect the outcome (for example, no treatment is given).
* [[observational study]] A type of research in which individuals are observed for a specific period of time, sometimes for many years, and certain outcomes are measured. No attempt is made to affect the outcome (for example, no treatment is given).
* [[Office of Dietary Supplements]] ODS, Office of Disease Prevention, Office of Director, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services. ODS strengthens knowledge and understanding of dietary supplements by evaluating scientific information, stimulating and supporting research, disseminating research results, and educating the public to foster an enhanced quality of life and health for the US population.
* [[oleic acid]] A fatty acid found in animal fats and vegetable oils.
* [[oleic acid]] A fatty acid found in animal fats and vegetable oils.
* [[omega-3 fatty acid]] A main component of fats used by the body for energy and tissue growth. Omega-3s are essential fatty acids in the human diet; they are found in fish oil and certain plant and nut oils.
* [[omega-3 fatty acid]] A main component of fats used by the body for energy and tissue growth. Omega-3s are essential fatty acids in the human diet; they are found in fish oil and certain plant and nut oils.
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* [[pantothenic acid]] A nutrient that is needed by the body to make energy from food and to make red blood cells, certain hormones, and the fats found in cell membranes and in tissue surrounding nerves. Pantothenic acid is found in some foods, including meat, fish, eggs, milk products, legumes, whole grains, yeast, and vegetables.
* [[pantothenic acid]] A nutrient that is needed by the body to make energy from food and to make red blood cells, certain hormones, and the fats found in cell membranes and in tissue surrounding nerves. Pantothenic acid is found in some foods, including meat, fish, eggs, milk products, legumes, whole grains, yeast, and vegetables.
* [[parenteral]] Having to do with providing substances for the body without using the gastrointestinal tract. Examples include an intravenous infusion, an injection under the skin, or an injection into a muscle.
* [[parenteral]] Having to do with providing substances for the body without using the gastrointestinal tract. Examples include an intravenous infusion, an injection under the skin, or an injection into a muscle.
* [[Parkinson's disease]] A disease in older people that causes nervous system symptoms that worsen slowly over time. Symptoms include trembling hands, arms, legs, and face; stiff arms, legs, and torso; slow movements; and impaired balance and coordination. Parkinson’s disease can also affect emotions, memory, judgment, and reasoning.
* [[participant withdrawal]] When a person enrolled as a subject in a clinical trial stops participating before the study is completed.
* [[participant withdrawal]] When a person enrolled as a subject in a clinical trial stops participating before the study is completed.
* [[pediatrician]] A medical doctor (physician) who specializes in the treatment of children.
* [[pediatrician]] A medical doctor (physician) who specializes in the treatment of children.
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* [[pernicious anemia]] An autoimmune disease that prevents the body from making intrinsic factor (a protein made by the stomach and needed to absorb vitamin B12 in the intestine). If left untreated, pernicious anemia causes vitamin B12 deficiency which leads to megaloblastic anemia (a disorder in which red blood cells are larger than normal, immature, and few in number, which reduces the amount of oxygen that can be carried by the blood to the body's tissues).
* [[pernicious anemia]] An autoimmune disease that prevents the body from making intrinsic factor (a protein made by the stomach and needed to absorb vitamin B12 in the intestine). If left untreated, pernicious anemia causes vitamin B12 deficiency which leads to megaloblastic anemia (a disorder in which red blood cells are larger than normal, immature, and few in number, which reduces the amount of oxygen that can be carried by the blood to the body's tissues).
* [[pharmacist]] A person licensed to make and dispense (give out) prescription drugs and who has been taught how they work, how to use them, and their side effects.
* [[pharmacist]] A person licensed to make and dispense (give out) prescription drugs and who has been taught how they work, how to use them, and their side effects.
* [[Physicians' Health Study]] One of two long-term studies conducted to see whether the long-term use of aspirin or various nutritional supplements such as beta-carotene, vitamins C and E, and multivitamins can prevent heart disease, cancer, and age-related eye diseases in men in the United States.
* [[phytochemicals]] A general term for the many substances that are naturally produced by plants (“phyto” means plant). Colorful fruits and vegetables, whole grains, legumes, herbs, nuts, and seeds are rich in phytochemicals. Types of phytochemicals include anthocyanins, carotenoids, flavonoids, isoflavones, and polyphenols. Also called phytonutrients.
* [[phytochemicals]] A general term for the many substances that are naturally produced by plants (“phyto” means plant). Colorful fruits and vegetables, whole grains, legumes, herbs, nuts, and seeds are rich in phytochemicals. Types of phytochemicals include anthocyanins, carotenoids, flavonoids, isoflavones, and polyphenols. Also called phytonutrients.
* [[phytoestrogen]] A weak estrogen-like substance found in some plants and plant products. Isoflavones, a type of phytoestrogen, are being studied in the prevention of osteoporosis, menopausal symptoms, and some types of cancer. Soybeans are a rich source of phytoestrogens.
* [[phytoestrogen]] A weak estrogen-like substance found in some plants and plant products. Isoflavones, a type of phytoestrogen, are being studied in the prevention of osteoporosis, menopausal symptoms, and some types of cancer. Soybeans are a rich source of phytoestrogens.
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* [[pica]] An eating disorder in which a person eats things that are not food, such as dirt, clay, paint flakes, sand, hair, or paper. Pica is more common in young children and in people with brain injuries or developmental disabilities.
* [[pica]] An eating disorder in which a person eats things that are not food, such as dirt, clay, paint flakes, sand, hair, or paper. Pica is more common in young children and in people with brain injuries or developmental disabilities.
* [[pinkeye]] An infection or inflammation of the lining of the eyelid and the white part of the eye. Also called conjunctivitis.
* [[pinkeye]] An infection or inflammation of the lining of the eyelid and the white part of the eye. Also called conjunctivitis.
* [[placebo-controlled]] Refers to a method of studying a drug or dietary supplement in which a placebo (an inactive ingredient) is given to one group of participants, and the drug or dietary supplement being tested is given to a second group of participants. Results from the two groups are compared to see if the drug or dietary supplement being tested works better than the placebo.
* [[placebo]] An inactive substance or treatment that has no effect on the body and that ideally looks, smells, and tastes the same as, and is given the same way as, the active drug or treatment being tested. The effects of the active substance or treatment are compared to the effects of the placebo.
* [[placebo]] An inactive substance or treatment that has no effect on the body and that ideally looks, smells, and tastes the same as, and is given the same way as, the active drug or treatment being tested. The effects of the active substance or treatment are compared to the effects of the placebo.
* [[placebo-controlled]] Refers to a method of studying a drug or dietary supplement in which a placebo (an inactive ingredient) is given to one group of participants, and the drug or dietary supplement being tested is given to a second group of participants. Results from the two groups are compared to see if the drug or dietary supplement being tested works better than the placebo.
* [[placenta]] The organ that delivers nutrients and oxygen and takes away carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes from the developing fetus in the uterus.
* [[placenta]] The organ that delivers nutrients and oxygen and takes away carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes from the developing fetus in the uterus.
* [[plasma]] The yellowish fluid part of blood in which blood cells are found. The plasma contains proteins that form blood clots.
* [[plasma]] The yellowish fluid part of blood in which blood cells are found. The plasma contains proteins that form blood clots.
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* [[proprietary]] A product or technique that is developed and owned by a company or individual, cannot be used by others without approval, and may be protected by patent or copyright.
* [[proprietary]] A product or technique that is developed and owned by a company or individual, cannot be used by others without approval, and may be protected by patent or copyright.
* [[prostate cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the prostate (a gland in the male reproductive system found below the bladder and in front of the rectum). Prostate cancer usually occurs in older men.
* [[prostate cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the prostate (a gland in the male reproductive system found below the bladder and in front of the rectum). Prostate cancer usually occurs in older men.
* [[protein-energy malnutrition]] A group of conditions that result when the body does not get enough protein or energy (calories), or both, to support growth and development and for the body to work properly.
* [[protein]] A molecule made up of amino acids that the body needs for good health. Proteins are the basis of body structures such as skin and muscle, and substances such as enzymes and antibodies.
* [[protein]] A molecule made up of amino acids that the body needs for good health. Proteins are the basis of body structures such as skin and muscle, and substances such as enzymes and antibodies.
* [[protein-energy malnutrition]] A group of conditions that result when the body does not get enough protein or energy (calories), or both, to support growth and development and for the body to work properly.
* [[proton pump inhibitor]] PPI. A drug that reduces the amount of acid made by the stomach. It is used to treat peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
* [[proton pump inhibitor]] PPI. A drug that reduces the amount of acid made by the stomach. It is used to treat peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
* [[provitamin]] A substance found in some foods that the body can use to make a vitamin. An example of a provitamin is beta-carotene, which the body uses to make vitamin A. Also called a vitamin precursor.
* [[provitamin]] A substance found in some foods that the body can use to make a vitamin. An example of a provitamin is beta-carotene, which the body uses to make vitamin A. Also called a vitamin precursor.
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* [[randomization]] When referring to an experiment or clinical trial, the process by which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments or other therapies. Randomization gives each participant an equal chance of being assigned to any of the groups.
* [[randomization]] When referring to an experiment or clinical trial, the process by which animal or human subjects are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments or other therapies. Randomization gives each participant an equal chance of being assigned to any of the groups.
* [[randomized clinical trial]] A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. Neither the researchers nor participants can choose which group participants are assigned to. Using chance to assign people means that the groups will be similar and the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial.
* [[randomized clinical trial]] A study in which the participants are assigned by chance to separate groups that compare different treatments. Neither the researchers nor participants can choose which group participants are assigned to. Using chance to assign people means that the groups will be similar and the treatments they receive can be compared objectively. At the time of the trial, it is not known which treatment is best. It is the patient's choice to be in a randomized trial.
* [[Recommended Dietary Allowance]] RDA. The average amount of a nutrient a healthy person should get each day. RDAs vary by age, gender and whether a woman is pregnant or breastfeeding. For example, the RDA for vitamin C is 80 mg a day for a pregnant teenager and 90 mg a day for men. RDAs are developed by the Food and Nutrition Board at the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies.
* [[red blood cell]] A cell that carries oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from all parts of the body.
* [[red blood cell]] A cell that carries oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from all parts of the body.
* [[regimen]] A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, schedule, and duration of treatment.
* [[regimen]] A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, schedule, and duration of treatment.
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* [[reproductive organ]] A sex organ. In females, reproductive organs include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. In males, reproductive organs include the prostate, testes, and penis.
* [[reproductive organ]] A sex organ. In females, reproductive organs include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. In males, reproductive organs include the prostate, testes, and penis.
* [[resin]] A substance found in some plants.
* [[resin]] A substance found in some plants.
* [[respiratory tract]] The organs that are involved in breathing. These include the mouth, nose, throat (pharynx), voicebox (larynx), windpipe (trachea), air passages between the windpipe and lungs (bronchial tubes), and lungs. Also called the respiratory system.
* [[respiratory]] Having to do with breathing. The organs that are involved with breathing include the mouth, nose, throat (pharynx), voicebox (larynx), windpipe (trachea), air passages between the windpipe and lungs (bronchial tubes), and lungs.
* [[respiratory]] Having to do with breathing. The organs that are involved with breathing include the mouth, nose, throat (pharynx), voicebox (larynx), windpipe (trachea), air passages between the windpipe and lungs (bronchial tubes), and lungs.
* [[respiratory tract]] The organs that are involved in breathing. These include the mouth, nose, throat (pharynx), voicebox (larynx), windpipe (trachea), air passages between the windpipe and lungs (bronchial tubes), and lungs. Also called the respiratory system.
* [[restless leg syndrome]] A disorder of the nervous system that causes unpleasant or painful feelings in the legs, especially when relaxing, which results in uncontrollable urges to move them.
* [[restless leg syndrome]] A disorder of the nervous system that causes unpleasant or painful feelings in the legs, especially when relaxing, which results in uncontrollable urges to move them.
* [[retina]] The light-sensitive layers of nerve tissue at the back of the eye that receive images and send them as electric signals through the optic nerve to the brain.
* [[retina]] The light-sensitive layers of nerve tissue at the back of the eye that receive images and send them as electric signals through the optic nerve to the brain.
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* [[retinitis pigmentosa]] A group of inherited eye diseases that affect the retina (the light-sensitive part of the eye), causing a gradual loss of night vision and peripheral vision and usually resulting in partial blindness.
* [[retinitis pigmentosa]] A group of inherited eye diseases that affect the retina (the light-sensitive part of the eye), causing a gradual loss of night vision and peripheral vision and usually resulting in partial blindness.
* [[retinoid]] A category of vitamin A compounds. The retinoids include retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. Synthetic retinoids are manufactured for use in treating acne, psoriasis, and other skin disorders.
* [[retinoid]] A category of vitamin A compounds. The retinoids include retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. Synthetic retinoids are manufactured for use in treating acne, psoriasis, and other skin disorders.
* [[retinol binding protein]] RBP. A molecule that binds to retinol (the form of vitamin A in foods that come from animals) and carries it through the blood to tissues where it is used, and to the liver where it is stored.
* [[retinol]] A form of vitamin A found only in foods that come from animals. The body can use retinol to make retinal and retinoic acid (other forms of vitamin A). Retinol is found in some foods, including beef liver, whole eggs, whole milk, margarine, and some fortified food products such as breakfast cereals. Retinol is a retinoid. Also called preformed vitamin A.
* [[retinol]] A form of vitamin A found only in foods that come from animals. The body can use retinol to make retinal and retinoic acid (other forms of vitamin A). Retinol is found in some foods, including beef liver, whole eggs, whole milk, margarine, and some fortified food products such as breakfast cereals. Retinol is a retinoid. Also called preformed vitamin A.
* [[Retinol Activity Equivalent]] RAE. A measure of the content and activity of vitamin A in foods.
* [[retinol binding protein]] RBP. A molecule that binds to retinol (the form of vitamin A in foods that come from animals) and carries it through the blood to tissues where it is used, and to the liver where it is stored.
* [[retinyl ester]] A form in which newly absorbed retinol (the form of vitamin A in foods that come from animals) is stored in the body.
* [[retinyl ester]] A form in which newly absorbed retinol (the form of vitamin A in foods that come from animals) is stored in the body.
* [[retinyl palmitate]] The main form in which retinol (the form of vitamin A in foods that come from animals) is stored in the body.
* [[retinyl palmitate]] The main form in which retinol (the form of vitamin A in foods that come from animals) is stored in the body.
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* [[rickets]] A condition in children in which bones become soft and deformed because they don’t have enough calcium and phosphorus. It is caused by not having enough vitamin D in the diet or by not getting enough sunlight. In adults, this condition is called osteomalacia.
* [[rickets]] A condition in children in which bones become soft and deformed because they don’t have enough calcium and phosphorus. It is caused by not having enough vitamin D in the diet or by not getting enough sunlight. In adults, this condition is called osteomalacia.
* [[rigorous]] Accurate, precise, and without deviation from standards.
* [[rigorous]] Accurate, precise, and without deviation from standards.
* [[risk factor]] Something that may increase the chance of developing a disease. For example, a diet that is low in calcium and vitamin D is a risk factor for osteoporosis; smoking is a risk factor for lung cancer.
* [[risk]] The chance or probability that a harmful event will occur. In health, for example, the chance that someone will develop a disease or condition.
* [[risk]] The chance or probability that a harmful event will occur. In health, for example, the chance that someone will develop a disease or condition.
* [[risk factor]] Something that may increase the chance of developing a disease. For example, a diet that is low in calcium and vitamin D is a risk factor for osteoporosis; smoking is a risk factor for lung cancer.
* [[root]] A part of a plant that is below ground.
* [[root]] A part of a plant that is below ground.
* [[safety data]] Information about unwanted symptoms or diseases related to the use of drugs, medical devices, dietary supplements, food, and cosmetics.
* [[safety data]] Information about unwanted symptoms or diseases related to the use of drugs, medical devices, dietary supplements, food, and cosmetics.
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* [[species]] The name of a category that is part of the scientific classification of all organisms. The category species is located in the classification system after kingdom, phylum, class, order, family and genus. Humans, for example, belong to the genus Homo and the species Homo sapiens.
* [[species]] The name of a category that is part of the scientific classification of all organisms. The category species is located in the classification system after kingdom, phylum, class, order, family and genus. Humans, for example, belong to the genus Homo and the species Homo sapiens.
* [[specimen]] In medicine, a small amount of tissue or fluid from the body used for analysis, such as a blood sample.
* [[specimen]] In medicine, a small amount of tissue or fluid from the body used for analysis, such as a blood sample.
* [[SPF]] Sun protection factor. A scale for rating the level of sunburn protection in sunscreen products. The higher the SPF, the more sunburn protection it gives.
* [[spina bifida]] A disorder in which a fetus's spine does not close properly during the first month of pregnancy. It may result in permanent damage to the nerves and spinal cord, causing paralysis of the legs and feet, bowel and bladder problems, learning problems, or hydrocephalus (too much fluid on the brain).
* [[spina bifida]] A disorder in which a fetus's spine does not close properly during the first month of pregnancy. It may result in permanent damage to the nerves and spinal cord, causing paralysis of the legs and feet, bowel and bladder problems, learning problems, or hydrocephalus (too much fluid on the brain).
* [[spleen]] A fist-size organ under your ribs and above your stomach on the left side of your body. Your spleen filters your blood and breaks down old red blood cells, stores blood for emergencies such as trauma, and helps your body fight infection by making white blood cells that destroy bacteria, viruses, and other germs.
* [[spleen]] A fist-size organ under your ribs and above your stomach on the left side of your body. Your spleen filters your blood and breaks down old red blood cells, stores blood for emergencies such as trauma, and helps your body fight infection by making white blood cells that destroy bacteria, viruses, and other germs.
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* [[subclinical]] Having to do with the early stage of a disease, before signs and symptoms appear.
* [[subclinical]] Having to do with the early stage of a disease, before signs and symptoms appear.
* [[subcutaneous]] Beneath the skin.
* [[subcutaneous]] Beneath the skin.
* [[subjective]] Influenced by experience, knowledge, opinion, or emotion; not based on facts alone.
* [[subjective improvement]] An improvement that is reported by a person but cannot be measured by a healthcare provider. For example, "I feel better."
* [[subjective improvement]] An improvement that is reported by a person but cannot be measured by a healthcare provider. For example, "I feel better."
* [[subjective measurement]] A method of determining an effect when precise numbers cannot be known. Examples of tools used in subjective measurement include questionnaires and sliding scales. For example, "On a scale of 1 to 10, my pain is an 8."
* [[subjective measurement]] A method of determining an effect when precise numbers cannot be known. Examples of tools used in subjective measurement include questionnaires and sliding scales. For example, "On a scale of 1 to 10, my pain is an 8."
* [[subjective]] Influenced by experience, knowledge, opinion, or emotion; not based on facts alone.
* [[sudden cardiac death]] A condition in which the heart suddenly stops beating. This usually causes death if not treated within minutes.
* [[sudden cardiac death]] A condition in which the heart suddenly stops beating. This usually causes death if not treated within minutes.
* [[sunscreen]] A substance that helps protect the skin from the sun's harmful rays. Sunscreens reflect, absorb, and scatter ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B light to provide protection against both types of light. Using lotions, creams, or gels that contain sunscreens can help protect the skin from premature aging and damage that may lead to skin cancer.
* [[sunscreen]] A substance that helps protect the skin from the sun's harmful rays. Sunscreens reflect, absorb, and scatter ultraviolet A and ultraviolet B light to provide protection against both types of light. Using lotions, creams, or gels that contain sunscreens can help protect the skin from premature aging and damage that may lead to skin cancer.
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* [[tea]] A drink made by adding boiling water to fresh or dried herbs and steeping (soaking) them. It may be drunk either hot or cold. Also called an infusion.
* [[tea]] A drink made by adding boiling water to fresh or dried herbs and steeping (soaking) them. It may be drunk either hot or cold. Also called an infusion.
* [[theoretical]] Describes an assumption that is supported by scientific evidence, but has not been proven.
* [[theoretical]] Describes an assumption that is supported by scientific evidence, but has not been proven.
* [[therapeutic effect]] The beneficial response or outcome of a treatment or prevention measure.
* [[therapeutic]] Used to treat disease and help healing take place.
* [[therapeutic]] Used to treat disease and help healing take place.
* [[therapeutic effect]] The beneficial response or outcome of a treatment or prevention measure.
* [[thiamin]] An important nutrient that is needed by the body to make energy from food, for cell and muscle function, and for a healthy nervous system. Thiamin is found in some foods, including enriched breads and cereals, legumes, liver, nuts, pork, and whole grains.
* [[thiamin]] An important nutrient that is needed by the body to make energy from food, for cell and muscle function, and for a healthy nervous system. Thiamin is found in some foods, including enriched breads and cereals, legumes, liver, nuts, pork, and whole grains.
* [[thiazide diuretic]] A drug used in the treatment of high blood pressure and swelling caused by excess fluid in body tissues (edema). It increases the amount of urine made by the body.
* [[thiazide diuretic]] A drug used in the treatment of high blood pressure and swelling caused by excess fluid in body tissues (edema). It increases the amount of urine made by the body.
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* [[tremor]] A trembling or shaking in one or more parts of the body, usually the hands. An individual can also have tremors in the arms, head, face, vocal cords, torso, and legs.
* [[tremor]] A trembling or shaking in one or more parts of the body, usually the hands. An individual can also have tremors in the arms, head, face, vocal cords, torso, and legs.
* [[triglyceride]] A type of fat found in your blood. When you eat more than you need, your body turns the excess calories into triglycerides. High blood levels of triglycerides can increase your risk of heart disease, heart attack, and stroke.
* [[triglyceride]] A type of fat found in your blood. When you eat more than you need, your body turns the excess calories into triglycerides. High blood levels of triglycerides can increase your risk of heart disease, heart attack, and stroke.
* [[triterpene glycoside]] A family of chemicals found in some plants. Examples of triterpene glycosides are acetein, cimicifugoside, and 26-deoxyacetin, which are components of the herb black cohosh.
* [[triterpene]] A chemical compound found in some plants.
* [[triterpene]] A chemical compound found in some plants.
* [[triterpene glycoside]] A family of chemicals found in some plants. Examples of triterpene glycosides are acetein, cimicifugoside, and 26-deoxyacetin, which are components of the herb black cohosh.
* [[tuberculosis]] A disease caused by a specific type of bacteria that spreads from one person to another through the air. Tuberculosis can affect many parts of the body, but most often affects the lungs. A person may not have symptoms of tuberculosis for years, but they may appear when the patient becomes ill with a serious condition like diabetes, AIDS, or cancer. Tuberculosis can usually be treated and cured with antibiotics. Also called TB.
* [[tuberculosis]] A disease caused by a specific type of bacteria that spreads from one person to another through the air. Tuberculosis can affect many parts of the body, but most often affects the lungs. A person may not have symptoms of tuberculosis for years, but they may appear when the patient becomes ill with a serious condition like diabetes, AIDS, or cancer. Tuberculosis can usually be treated and cured with antibiotics. Also called TB.
* [[tumor]] An abnormal growth of tissue that forms when cells divide more often than they should. Tumors may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer).
* [[tumor]] An abnormal growth of tissue that forms when cells divide more often than they should. Tumors may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer).
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* [[ulcerative colitis]] Chronic inflammation of the colon that causes ulcers to form in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel.
* [[ulcerative colitis]] Chronic inflammation of the colon that causes ulcers to form in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel.
* [[ultraviolet light]] Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. Ultraviolet light also comes from sun lamps and tanning beds. It can damage the skin and cause skin cancer.
* [[ultraviolet light]] Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. Ultraviolet light also comes from sun lamps and tanning beds. It can damage the skin and cause skin cancer.
* [[UNICEF]] An organization of the United Nations that provides food, clothing, health care, and support to women and children.
* [[uniformity]] The quality of being consistently the same and not varying or fluctuating in color, size, weight, composition, or any other physical feature.
* [[uniformity]] The quality of being consistently the same and not varying or fluctuating in color, size, weight, composition, or any other physical feature.
* [[United Status Pharmacopeia]] USP is a voluntary, science-based, nonprofit, standards-setting organization. It is an official public standards-setting authority for all prescription and over-the-counter medicines and other health care products manufactured or sold in the United States. USP also sets widely recognized standards for food ingredients and dietary supplements. Its publications, the USP and the National Formulary (NF), are recognized in the US Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act as official compendia for the United States. Monographs for dietary supplements and ingredients appear in a separate section of the USP. The tests and procedures cited in the monographs require the use of official USP Reference Standards.
* [[upper limit]] UL. The largest daily intake of a nutrient considered safe for most people. Taking more than the UL is not recommended and may be harmful. The UL for each nutrient is set by the Food and Nutrition Board at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. For example, the UL for vitamin A is 3,000 micrograms/day. Women who consume more than this amount every day shortly before or during pregnancy have an increased chance (risk) of having a baby with a birth defect. Also called the tolerable upper intake level.
* [[upper limit]] UL. The largest daily intake of a nutrient considered safe for most people. Taking more than the UL is not recommended and may be harmful. The UL for each nutrient is set by the Food and Nutrition Board at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. For example, the UL for vitamin A is 3,000 micrograms/day. Women who consume more than this amount every day shortly before or during pregnancy have an increased chance (risk) of having a baby with a birth defect. Also called the tolerable upper intake level.
* [[urinary tract]] The organs involved in making and relieving the body of urine, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
* [[urinary tract]] The organs involved in making and relieving the body of urine, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
* [[urine]] Excess liquids and wastes that have been filtered from the blood by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and removed from the body through the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body).
* [[urine]] Excess liquids and wastes that have been filtered from the blood by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and removed from the body through the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body).
* [[US Department of Agriculture]] USDA promotes America's health through food and nutrition, and advances the science of nutrition by monitoring food and nutrient consumption and updating nutrient requirements and food composition data. USDA is responsible for food safety, improving nutrition and health by providing food assistance and nutrition education, expanding markets for agricultural products, managing and protecting US public and private lands, and providing financial programs to improve the economy and quality of rural American life.
* [[USDA National Nutrient Database]] A searchable database of the nutrient content of more than 7,000 foods in the United States. The database can be accessed online at: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/.
* [[uterus]] The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis in which a fetus develops.
* [[uterus]] The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis in which a fetus develops.
* [[vagina]] The muscular canal between the uterus and the outside of the body.
* [[vagina]] The muscular canal between the uterus and the outside of the body.
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* [[very low birth weight]] A baby weighing less than 3 pounds, 4 ounces at birth.
* [[very low birth weight]] A baby weighing less than 3 pounds, 4 ounces at birth.
* [[virus]] An organism that can grow and multiply only inside the cells of living humans, plants, or animals. It is able to change (mutate) as it multiplies, which makes viral illnesses difficult to treat. Viruses cause many infections and diseases such as the common cold, AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), herpes, and hepatitis.
* [[virus]] An organism that can grow and multiply only inside the cells of living humans, plants, or animals. It is able to change (mutate) as it multiplies, which makes viral illnesses difficult to treat. Viruses cause many infections and diseases such as the common cold, AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), herpes, and hepatitis.
* [[vitamin]] A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and maintain health. Examples are vitamins A, C, and E.
* [[vitamin A]] A general term for a group of compounds that includes provitamin A carotenoids (found in foods that come from plants) and retinol (preformed vitamin A found in foods that come from animals). The body can use retinol to make retinal and retinoic acid (other forms of vitamin A). Vitamin A plays an important role in vision, bone growth, reproduction, immunity, cell development, and skin health. Vitamin A is found in some foods, including eggs, liver, fortified milk, cheese, leafy green vegetables (such as spinach, kale, turnip greens, collards, and romaine lettuce), broccoli, dark orange fruits and vegetables (such as apricots, carrots, pumpkin, sweet potatoes, papaya, mango, and cantaloupe), and red bell pepper.
* [[vitamin A]] A general term for a group of compounds that includes provitamin A carotenoids (found in foods that come from plants) and retinol (preformed vitamin A found in foods that come from animals). The body can use retinol to make retinal and retinoic acid (other forms of vitamin A). Vitamin A plays an important role in vision, bone growth, reproduction, immunity, cell development, and skin health. Vitamin A is found in some foods, including eggs, liver, fortified milk, cheese, leafy green vegetables (such as spinach, kale, turnip greens, collards, and romaine lettuce), broccoli, dark orange fruits and vegetables (such as apricots, carrots, pumpkin, sweet potatoes, papaya, mango, and cantaloupe), and red bell pepper.
* [[vitamin B12]] A group of chemical compounds that contain cobalt and are needed for certain chemical reactions in the body. Vitamin B12 is involved in maintaining healthy nerve cells and red blood cells. It is needed to make DNA (the genetic material in all cells), and is required for the metabolism (chemical changes that take place in the tissues to produce energy and the basic materials needed by the body) of carbohydrate, fat, and protein. Also called cobalamin. For more information see the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements Vitamin B12 fact sheet.
* [[vitamin B12]] A group of chemical compounds that contain cobalt and are needed for certain chemical reactions in the body. Vitamin B12 is involved in maintaining healthy nerve cells and red blood cells. It is needed to make DNA (the genetic material in all cells), and is required for the metabolism (chemical changes that take place in the tissues to produce energy and the basic materials needed by the body) of carbohydrate, fat, and protein. Also called cobalamin. For more information see the NIH Office of Dietary Supplements Vitamin B12 fact sheet.
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* [[vitamin E]] A nutrient needed by the body to help keep the immune system healthy and to repair damage to DNA. It is an antioxidant that protects cells from free radical damage. Vitamin E is found in some foods, including vegetable oils, nuts and seeds, fortified breakfast cereals, and spinach, broccoli, kiwi, and mangos.
* [[vitamin E]] A nutrient needed by the body to help keep the immune system healthy and to repair damage to DNA. It is an antioxidant that protects cells from free radical damage. Vitamin E is found in some foods, including vegetable oils, nuts and seeds, fortified breakfast cereals, and spinach, broccoli, kiwi, and mangos.
* [[vitamin K]] A nutrient needed by the body to function and stay healthy. It helps form blood clots and maintain strong bones. Vitamin K is found in some foods, including green leafy vegetables, broccoli, liver, and vegetable oils. It is also made by bacteria that live in the large intestine.
* [[vitamin K]] A nutrient needed by the body to function and stay healthy. It helps form blood clots and maintain strong bones. Vitamin K is found in some foods, including green leafy vegetables, broccoli, liver, and vegetable oils. It is also made by bacteria that live in the large intestine.
* [[vitamin]] A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and maintain health. Examples are vitamins A, C, and E.
* [[volatile oil]] An oil that vaporizes easily and is responsible for the fragrance of some plants.
* [[volatile]] Describes a substance that evaporates quickly.
* [[volatile]] Describes a substance that evaporates quickly.
* [[volatile oil]] An oil that vaporizes easily and is responsible for the fragrance of some plants.
* [[volume]] The amount of space taken up by a substance; the amount of space a container can hold.
* [[volume]] The amount of space taken up by a substance; the amount of space a container can hold.
* [[water soluble vitamin]] A vitamin that dissolves in water and is excreted in the urine. Foods that supply water-soluble vitamins need to be eaten regularly because they cannot be stored in the body. Water-soluble vitamins include vitamin C, biotin, folate, niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin (vitamin B2), thiamin, and vitamin B6.
* [[water soluble vitamin]] A vitamin that dissolves in water and is excreted in the urine. Foods that supply water-soluble vitamins need to be eaten regularly because they cannot be stored in the body. Water-soluble vitamins include vitamin C, biotin, folate, niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin (vitamin B2), thiamin, and vitamin B6.
* [[well-being]] The state of feeling healthy, happy, and content. Well-being is affected by things such as physical and mental health, income, education, social support, attitude, values, stress, security, and other qualities of life.
* [[well-being]] The state of feeling healthy, happy, and content. Well-being is affected by things such as physical and mental health, income, education, social support, attitude, values, stress, security, and other qualities of life.
* [[Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome]] A brain disorder caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, usually as a result of alcohol abuse. Symptoms include confusion, vision problems, lack of muscle control, memory loss, tremors, hallucinations, and coma.
* [[white blood cell]] WBC. A cell made by the bone marrow that helps the body fight infection and disease. WBCs include lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, and mast cells.
* [[white blood cell]] WBC. A cell made by the bone marrow that helps the body fight infection and disease. WBCs include lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, and mast cells.
* [[whole grain]] Unprocessed seeds of edible grasses, including brown rice, buckwheat, bulgur, millet, popcorn, oats, quinoa, whole-grain barley, whole rye, whole wheat, and wild rice. Grains that are ground, cracked, or flaked can be labeled whole grain if they have the same amount of bran, germ, and endosperm (the inner part of the seed kernel) as the intact grain. Whole grains are sources of iron, magnesium, selenium, B vitamins, and dietary fiber. Eating whole grains may help lower the risk of heart disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.
* [[whole grain]] Unprocessed seeds of edible grasses, including brown rice, buckwheat, bulgur, millet, popcorn, oats, quinoa, whole-grain barley, whole rye, whole wheat, and wild rice. Grains that are ground, cracked, or flaked can be labeled whole grain if they have the same amount of bran, germ, and endosperm (the inner part of the seed kernel) as the intact grain. Whole grains are sources of iron, magnesium, selenium, B vitamins, and dietary fiber. Eating whole grains may help lower the risk of heart disease, obesity, and type 2 diabetes.
* [[World Health Organization]] WHO. An agency of the United Nations that is concerned with worldwide health.
* [[zeaxanthin]] A substance found in corn, leafy green vegetables, persimmons, tangerines, seeds, and egg yolk. It is a carotenoid the body cannot use to make vitamin A. It is being studied in the prevention of certain eye diseases (age-related macular degeneration and cataracts).
* [[zeaxanthin]] A substance found in corn, leafy green vegetables, persimmons, tangerines, seeds, and egg yolk. It is a carotenoid the body cannot use to make vitamin A. It is being studied in the prevention of certain eye diseases (age-related macular degeneration and cataracts).
* [[zinc]] A mineral found in most cells of the body. It helps enzymes work properly, helps maintain a healthy immune system, helps maintain the senses of taste and smell, and is needed for wound healing, making DNA, and normal growth and development during pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence. Zinc is found in some foods, including oysters, red meat, poultry, beans, nuts, certain seafood, whole grains, fortified breakfast cereals, and dairy products.  
* [[zinc]] A mineral found in most cells of the body. It helps enzymes work properly, helps maintain a healthy immune system, helps maintain the senses of taste and smell, and is needed for wound healing, making DNA, and normal growth and development during pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence. Zinc is found in some foods, including oysters, red meat, poultry, beans, nuts, certain seafood, whole grains, fortified breakfast cereals, and dairy products.  
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* [[26-deoxyactein]] A component of black cohosh. It belongs to the family of chemical compounds called triterpene glycosides.
* [[ACE inhibitor]] - An inhibitor of the angiotensin-converting enzyme. A medication used to treat hypertension, stroke, heart attack, diabetes, and kidney issues.
* [[ACE inhibitor]] Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. A medicine used to treat high blood pressure, stroke, heart attack, diabetes, and kidney problems
* [[AMRM]] The Dietary Supplements Analytical Materials/Reference Materials Program of the Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health.
* [[Abetalipoproteinemia]] - The inability of the intestine to absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins from food.
* [[Absorption]] - The movement of protein, carbohydrates, fats, and other nutrients from the digestive tract into the bloodstream.
* [[Acid Reflux]] - A condition in which stomach acid leaks backwards into the esophagus, causing heartburn.
* [[Acne]] - A sometimes severe skin condition characterized by whiteheads, blackheads, and zits.
* [[Actein]] - A black cohosh constituent belonging to the triterpene glycosides family of chemical compounds.
* [[Acute]] - Sudden, severe, and transient.
* [[Adenoma]] - A benign (non-cancerous) tumor.
* [[Administration]] - The act of giving a medication or dietary supplement to a patient.
* [[Adverse Effect]] - A negative side effect.
* [[Adverse Reaction]] - An undesirable or harmful reaction to a treatment.
* [[Age-related Macular Degeneration]] (AMD) - A disease of the eye that causes the loss of central vision.
* [[Agent]] - In medicine, a drug, dietary supplement, or substance used for diagnosing, screening, preventing, or treating disease.
* [[Alpha-carotene]] - A pigment found in fruits and vegetables that the body can convert into vitamin A.
* [[Alpha-tocopherol Equivalent]] - A unit of measurement used to compare the effects of various forms of vitamin E to alpha-tocopherol.
* [[Alpha-tocopherol Transfer Protein]] (ATTP) - A substance produced in the liver that binds to and transports vitamin E.
* [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] AAP. An organization of pediatricians (medical doctors who specialize in the development, care, and diseases of children) that works to improve the health and well-being of infants, children, adolescents, and young adults.
* [[American Cancer Society]] A nationwide, community-based organization involved in cancer research, education, patient services, advocacy, and rehabilitation.
* [[American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]] A national medical society for obstetricians (doctors who specialize in pregnancy and the delivery of babies) and gynecologists (doctors who specialize in treating diseases of the female reproductive organs).
* [[Antagonist H2 receptor]] - A medication that decreases the amount of stomach acid produced. It is employed in the treatment of stomach ulcer (peptic ulcer) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
* [[B vitamin]] A nutrient that is important for cell function. The B vitamins are biotin, folate, niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin (vitamin B2), thiamin, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12. The B vitamins make up the vitamin B complex.
* [[Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition]] CFSAN, US Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services. CFSAN is responsible for developing policy and regulations for dietary supplements.
* [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] CDC. An organization within the federal government responsible for prevention and control of infectious disease and other health threats. It is part of the US Department of Health and Human Services.
* [[Federal Trade Commission]] FTC. A federal agency that protects consumers by preventing deceptive and unfair business practices. This includes unfair or deceptive advertising and marketing practices.
* [[Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory]] FCMDL, US Department of Agriculture. The mission of FCMDL is to develop innovative measurement systems for the determination of food components that influence human health.
* [[H2 receptor antagonist]] A medication that reduces the amount of acid made by the stomach. It is used to treat conditions such as stomach ulcer (peptic ulcer) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
* [[HDL cholesterol]] Good cholesterol. HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol is a type of protein that carries excess cholesterol from the arteries to the liver to be removed from the body.
* [[High-density lipoprotein cholesterol]] - Positive cholesterol. HDL cholesterol (high-density lipoprotein) is a type of protein that transports excess cholesterol from the arteries to the liver for elimination.
* [[IQ]] - Intelligence quotient. The result of a standardized intelligence test.
* [[IQ]] Intelligence quotient. A person’s score on a standardized intelligence test.
* [[IU]] International Unit. A measurement used to measure the activity of some vitamins and other biological substances (such as enzymes and hormones).
* [[Institute of Medicine]] - IOM. Private, non-governmental organization that publishes reports on biomedical science, medicine, and health at the request of government agencies, private industry, and foundations.
* [[Institute of Medicine]] IOM. A private nongovernmental organization that issues reports on biomedical science, medicine, and health as requested by government agencies, private industry, and foundations.
* [[International Unit]] - A unit used to measure the activity of certain vitamins and other biological substances (including enzymes and hormones).
* [[International Unit]] IU. A measurement used to measure the activity of some vitamins and other biological substances (such as enzymes and hormones).
* [[LDL cholesterol]] Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. A type of protein that carries cholesterol to many tissues throughout the body. High levels of LDL cholesterol increase the risk of coronary heart disease. Also called bad cholesterol.
* [[National Formulary of the United States Pharmacopeia]] NF is a book of public pharmacopeial standards. It contains standards for medicines, dosage forms, drug substances, excipients, medical devices, and dietary supplements.
* [[National Nutrient Database of the USDA]] - A searchable database containing the nutrient content of over 7,000 American foods.
* [[Nurses' Health Study]] An ongoing long-term study of diet, nutrition, and risk factors for major chronic disease in a large number of women in the United States.
* [[Nutrient Data Laboratory]] NDL, US Department of Agriculture. NDL develops authoritative food composition databases and state-of-the-art methods to acquire, evaluate, compile and disseminate composition data on foods available in the United States.
* [[Retinol Activity Equivalent]] RAE. A measure of the content and activity of vitamin A in foods.
* [[SPF]] Sun protection factor. A scale for rating the level of sunburn protection in sunscreen products. The higher the SPF, the more sunburn protection it gives.
* [[Sun protection factor]] (SPF) - A rating system for the sunburn protection of sunscreen products. The higher the SPF, the greater the sunburn protection.
* [[UNICEF]] - A United Nations organization that provides food, clothing, medical care, and assistance to women and children.
* [[UNICEF]] An organization of the United Nations that provides food, clothing, health care, and support to women and children.
* [[USDA National Nutrient Database]] A searchable database of the nutrient content of more than 7,000 foods in the United States. The database can be accessed online at: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/.
* [[Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome]] A brain disorder caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, usually as a result of alcohol abuse. Symptoms include confusion, vision problems, lack of muscle control, memory loss, tremors, hallucinations, and coma.
* [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) - An organization of the United Nations concerned with global health.
* [[World Health Organization]] WHO. An agency of the United Nations that is concerned with worldwide health.
* [[abetalipoproteinemia]] A rare inherited disease in which the intestine cannot absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins from food. It is associated with fatty stools, diarrhea, nerve problems, and eye disease.
* [[absorption]] In nutrition, the process of moving protein, carbohydrates, fats, and other nutrients from the digestive system into the bloodstream. Most absorption occurs in the small intestine.
* [[acid reflux]] A condition in which stomach acid leaks backwards into the esophagus (the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach), causing heartburn and irritating the lining of the esophagus.
* [[acne]] A sometimes severe skin condition that commonly occurs on the face, neck, back, and chest and includes whiteheads, blackheads, and pimples. Severe acne may be painful and can leave permanent deep scars.
* [[actein]] A component of black cohosh. It belongs to the family of chemical compounds called triterpene glycosides.
* [[acute]] Sudden, severe, and not long lasting.
* [[adenoma]] A type of tumor that is benign (not cancer).
* [[administration]] The process of giving a person a medicine or dietary supplement by mouth, by vein, on the skin, or by another route. For example, a 14-day administration of valerian extract.
* [[adulterate]] To make unsafe or impure by using contaminated or unneeded ingredients; using a strength or quality that is less than claimed; leaving out or substituting key ingredients; or using inferior manufacturing, processing, packaging, or storage procedures.
* [[adverse effect]] An unwanted side effect.
* [[adverse response]] An unwanted or harmful reaction to treatment.
* [[age-related macular degeneration]] AMD. An eye disease that results in a loss of central, "straight-ahead" vision. AMD is the leading cause of vision loss in older Americans.
* [[agent]] In medicine, a drug, dietary supplement, other substance, or procedure that is used in diagnosing, screening, preventing, or treating a disease.
* [[alcoholic]] A person who is not able to stop drinking once he or she has begun, needs to drink larger amounts of alcohol to get high, and suffers withdrawal symptoms (such as nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety) after stopping drinking.
* [[alpha-carotene]] A substance found in colorful fruits and vegetables such as pumpkin, carrots, winter squash, and tangerines. It is a carotenoid that can be made into vitamin A by the body.
* [[alpha-tocopherol equivalent]] A unit of measure used to compare the effects of different forms of vitamin E with the effects of alpha-tocopherol, the most active form of vitamin E.
* [[alpha-tocopherol transfer protein]] A substance made in the liver that attaches to vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), carries vitamin E to the body's tissues, and helps vitamin E stay at a normal level in the body.
* [[alpha-tocopherol]] The form of vitamin E that is found in the largest amount in humans and is the most active form of vitamin E. It is an antioxidant.
* [[alternative medicine]] A group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are used in place of conventional medicine.
* [[amino acid]] A chemical building block of protein.
* [[angiotensin receptor blocker]] A medication that relaxes and opens up blood vessels. This lowers blood pressure so the heart doesn’t have to work as hard to pump blood.
* [[animal study]] A laboratory test using animals to study the development and course of human diseases, and to test the safety and effectiveness of new treatments before they are given to humans.
* [[anorexia]] Not feeling hungry or wanting to eat food to an unusual extent.
* [[anthocyanins]] A group of pigments that naturally occur in some plants and produce the pink, red, and violet colors of fruits, leaves, and flowers. Berries, cherries, red wine, eggplant, red cabbage, and red and purple grapes are sources of anthocyanins.
* [[antibiotic]] A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms.
* [[anticoagulant]] A drug or other substance that stops blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner.
* [[anticonvulsant]] A drug that prevents, reduces, or stops convulsions or seizures.
* [[antiestrogen]] A substance that blocks the effects of estrogens (a family of hormones that helps develop and maintain female sex characteristics and the growth of long bones).
* [[antioxidant]] is a molecule capable of inhibiting the oxidation of other molecules. Antioxidants play a crucial role in protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals and oxidative stress, which are thought to contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer and heart disease.
* [[antipsychotic]] is a medication used to treat symptoms of mental illness, such as delusions, hallucinations, and aggression. Antipsychotics are often used to treat conditions like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression.
* [[antiviral]] refers to a drug or other substance that is used to treat viral infections. Antivirals are designed to interfere with the replication of viruses, making it difficult for them to reproduce and spread.
* [[apathy]] Having no emotion, interests, or concerns.
* [[aphasia]] is a language disorder that results from damage to the brain, typically due to a stroke or brain injury. A person with aphasia may have difficulty speaking, writing, or understanding language.
* [[apnea]] is a sleep disorder characterized by temporary pauses in breathing during sleep. These pauses can last from a few seconds to several minutes and can occur many times during the night.
* [[aqueous]] Having to do with water.
* [[asthma]] is a chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, making it difficult to breathe. Symptoms of asthma include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.
* [[ataxia]] Loss of muscle coordination.
* [[ataxia]] is a group of neurological conditions that cause difficulty with coordination and balance. People with ataxia may have trouble walking, speaking, and performing other activities that require motor control.
* [[atrophic gastritis]] A long-lasting (chronic) condition in which the linining of the stomach is inflamed. Gradually the lining wastes away, destroying the glands that make stomach acid.
* [[atrophy]] A weakening, decrease in size, or wasting away of a tissue, organ, or part of the body. For example, the muscles of a leg that has been in a cast for some time will atrophy because they are not being used, causing them to become smaller and weaker.
* [[atrophy]] is a reduction in size or wasting away of a body part or tissue. This can occur as a result of disuse, disease, or injury.
* [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] ADHD. A common mental disorder that usually develops before age 7 and may continue into adulthood. Symptoms include inattention, excessive impulsiveness, and/or inability to remain still and quiet.
* [[autism]] is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication, social interaction, and behavior. People with autism may have difficulty with social cues, repetitive behaviors, and other symptoms that can impact their daily life.
* [[autoimmune disease]] A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them.
* [[avitaminosis]] refers to a deficiency of vitamins in the body. This can occur as a result of poor nutrition, an inability to absorb vitamins, or an increased need for vitamins due to certain medical conditions.
* [[bacteria]] Single-celled organisms that are too small to be seen without a microscope. Bacteria are found everywhere and may be helpful or harmful.
* [[barbiturate]] A category of drug used to treat seizure disorders, insomnia, and anxiety and to calm patients before surgery. It belongs to the family of drugs called central nervous system depressants.
* [[benzodiazepine]] A category of drug used to treat seizure disorders, insomnia, anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and muscle spasms, and to calm patients before surgery. It belongs to the family of drugs called central nervous system depressants.
* [[beta-carotene]] A carotenoid found in carrots, cantaloupe, apricots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, winter squash, mangos, collard greens, spinach, kale, broccoli, and other orange, red, and dark green fruits and vegetables.
* [[beta-cryptoxanthin]] A substance found in citrus fruit, peaches, and apricots. It is an antioxidant. Beta-cryptoxanthin is one of a group of carotenoids that can be made into vitamin A in the body.
* [[bias]] In a clinical trial, the result of a flaw in the study design or method of collecting or interpreting the study information that can lead to incorrect conclusions.
* [[bile acid sequestrant]] A type of medication that is used to treat high cholesterol.
* [[binder]] An inactive ingredient (one that has no medicinal effect on the body, such as starch, salt, or sugar) used to hold together the contents of a pill or tablet.
* [[bioavailability]] The amount of a nutrient that reaches the body's tissues after it is eaten.
* [[biologic product]] A substance made from biological (living) sources and used to prevent, treat, or cure disease or injury. Examples include antibodies, vaccines, and blood products.
* [[biological activity]] An effect on life processes. For example, the biological activity of a vitamin means the effect it has on specific life processes in the body.
* [[biopsy]] is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is removed from the body for examination under a microscope. A biopsy can be used to diagnose various medical conditions, including cancer.
* [[bipolar disorder]] is a mental illness characterized by periods of elevated mood (mania) and depression. People with bipolar disorder can experience extreme mood swings, which can have a significant impact on their daily life and relationships.
* [[bladder cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the bladder (the organ that stores urine).
* [[blood sugar]] The main source of energy used by the body's cells. Blood sugar comes from food and is made by the liver, and is carried to the cells through the bloodstream. Also called blood glucose.
* [[blood vessel]] A tube through which blood circulates in the body. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
* [[blood-brain barrier]] A network of specialized cells that prevents certain substances, including many toxins and potentially harmful substances, from leaving the blood vessels and entering the brain.
* [[blue cohosh]] A plant that has been used to treat menstrual disorders and to start labor. It may be unsafe and should not be confused with black cohosh. Latin name: Caullophylum thalictroides.
* [[body stores]] The amount of a nutrient that stays in the body after eating and is available for future use. The size and location of this extra supply differs depending on the nutrient. For example, iron is stored in the liver.
* [[bone density]] A measurement of bone mass and an indicator of bone strength and health. Also called bone mineral density.
* [[bone marrow]] The soft, sponge-like tissue in the center of most bones. It produces white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
* [[botanical]] Having to do with plants or plant parts, or dietary supplement products made from plants.
* [[botanist]] A scientist who studies the biology of plants.
* [[breast cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the breast.
* [[caffeic acid]] A component of black cohosh.
* [[calcium carbonate]] A chemical compound naturally found in chalk, some seashells and other substances. Calcium carbonate is used in antacid drugs to treat indigestion and as a source of calcium to supplement the diet.
* [[cancer survivor]] A person with cancer, from the time he or she is diagnosed through the balance of his or her life.
* [[capsule]] A gelatin shell containing a dose of medicine, a vitamin, or other dietary supplement.
* [[carcinogen]] A substance that causes cancer.
* [[cardiac arrest]] A condition in which the heart suddenly stops beating.
* [[cardiac]] Having to do with the heart.
* [[cardiovascular disease]] CVD. A general term referring to disorders of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes coronary artery disease, heart failure, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, peripheral artery disease, and stroke.
* [[cardiovascular event]] A heart attack, stroke, or other occurrence that damages the heart or blood vessels.
* [[cardiovascular system]] The heart, blood, and blood vessels.
* [[case report]] A detailed record of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some information about the patient (such as age, gender, and ethnic origin).
* [[cell division]] The method by which a single cell divides to create two cells. This is a continuous process that allows a population of cells to increase in number or remain the same in number.
* [[cell line]] Cells of a single type that have been adapted to grow and divide in the laboratory and are used in research.
* [[cell membrane]] An envelope that contains the contents of a cell and controls what passes into and out of the cell.
* [[cell]] The individual unit that makes up the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells, which are the smallest units of living structure capable of independent existence.
* [[central nervous system depressant]] A medication that changes brain function and causes drowsiness. It may be used in anesthesia. Also called CNS depressant.
* [[central nervous system disorder]] A disease or condition that affects the brain, the spinal cord, and the ability to think, move, see, hear, taste, smell, or touch.
* [[chemoprevention]] The use of drugs, vitamins, or other substances to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer.
* [[chemotherapy]] A chemical that kills bacteria, viruses, fungi, or tumor cells. It usually refers to drugs used in cancer treatment.
* [[chronic disease]] A condition that is continuous or recurrent, is not easily cured, and cannot be passed from person to person. Examples of chronic diseases include heart disease, diabetes, and asthma.
* [[chronic]] Happening for a long time, persistently, or repeatedly.
* [[cimicifugin]] A resin (a component of some plants) found in black cohosh.
* [[cimicifugoside]] A component of black cohosh. It belongs to the family of chemical compounds called triterpene glycosides.
* [[cirrhosis]] A condition in which damaged liver cells are replaced with scar tissue, making it progressively more difficult for the liver to function properly.
* [[clarity]] Clearness.
* [[cobalt]] An organic substance found in the earth and needed in very small amounts. It is also a necessary component of vitamin B12. A cobalt deficiency leads to anemia; too much cobalt can lead to a greater than normal number of red blood cells.
* [[cognition]] The intellectual and mental ability to be aware, think, learn, imagine, remember, reason, have perceptions, and make judgments.
* [[cognitive function]] Mental awareness and judgment.
* [[cognitive skills]] Mental and intellectual capabilities such as language, reading, math, reasoning, and critical thinking.
* [[collagen]] A strong, flexible protein found in cartilage, tendons, bone, skin, and other connective tissue.
* [[colon cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the large intestine (the tube-like organ connected to the small intestine at one end and the anus at the other).
* [[colorectal cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the colon (the longest part of the large intestine) and/or the rectum (the last several inches of the large intestine before the anus).
* [[columnar cell]] A type of cell that lines the internal and external surfaces of the body.
* [[commercial preparation]] A product such as a drug or dietary supplement made in large quantities to be sold.
* [[common cold]] A nose and throat infection caused by a virus. Symptoms include runny nose, sneezing, congestion, sore throat, and cough.
* [[complaint]] In medicine, a disorder, disease, or symptom.
* [[complementary and alternative medicine]] A group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine.
* [[complementary medicine]] A group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are used together with conventional medicine.
* [[complication]] In medicine, an illness or condition that occurs while a patient has a disease. The complication is not a part of the disease, but may be a result of the disease or may be unrelated.
* [[compound]] In pharmacy, a substance that contains more than one ingredient.
* [[conception]] In biology, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm that begins a pregnancy.
* [[congenital]] A mental or physical condition that a baby is born with. It may be hereditary (passed from parent to child through information in the genes), or it may occur while the fetus is developing in the womb, or it may be a combination of both.
* [[connective tissue]] Cells that work together to protect and support the body’s muscles, joints, organs, skin, and other tissues. Examples of connective tissue include cartilage, fat, blood, and bone.
* [[consensus]] A general agreement.
* [[constipation]] A condition in which stool becomes hard, dry, and difficult to pass and bowel movements happen infrequently. Other symptoms may include painful bowel movements and feeling bloated, uncomfortable, and sluggish.
* [[constituent]] A component, part, or ingredient of a larger whole. For example, valerenic acid and valepotriate are constituents of the dietary supplement valerian.
* [[consume]] To eat or drink.
* [[control group]] In a research study or clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared with the group that receives the new treatment, to see whether the new treatment works.
* [[conventional drug]] A currently accepted and widely used medicine for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past clinical research.
* [[conventional food]] Edible substances, excluding organic food, genetically modified food, functional food, and dietary supplements.
* [[cornea]] The clear dome-shaped surface covering the front of the eye.
* [[cornification]] The changing of cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body into an outer layer of flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope). Also called keritinization.
* [[coronary artery]] A blood vessel that supplies blood and oxygen to the heart.
* [[cruciferous vegetable]] A type of vegetable including arugula, bok choy, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, collards, kale, kohlrabi, mustard greens, radishes, rutabaga, turnips and watercress.
* [[cure]] To heal or restore health; a treatment to restore health.
* [[cytology]] The study of cells using a microscope (a device that uses a combination of lenses to make enlarged images of tiny objects).
* [[cytotoxic]] Cell-killing.
* [[dairy food]] Milk and products made with milk, such as buttermilk, yogurt, cheese, cottage cheese, and ice cream.
* [[data]] Facts and information.
* [[day 0]] Sometimes used to indicate the first day of treatment.
* [[deciliter]] dL. A unit of volume in the metric system equal to one-tenth of a liter (about two-tenths of a pint).
* [[decoction]] A substance made by simmering some types of roots, bark, and berries in water to extract their desired ingredients. It is simmered for a longer time than that needed to make tea and may be drunk hot or cold.
* [[deficiency]] An amount that is not enough; a shortage.
* [[degeneration]] A condition in which tissues in the body lose their ability to function properly.
* [[delayed development]] Failure of a child to reach physical or behavioral milestones (such as rolling over, crawling, walking, and talking) at expected ages.
* [[dementia]] Damaged brain function (thinking, learning, making decisions, remembering) that worsens over time. It disrupts activities of daily living such as bathing, dressing, and walking.
* [[deoxyribonucleic acid]] DNA. The molecules inside cells that carry genetic information and pass it from one generation to the next.
* [[derivative]] In chemistry, a compound made from or related to another compound.
* [[diabetes]] A disease in which blood sugar (glucose) levels are high because the body is unable to use glucose properly. Diabetes occurs when the body does not make enough insulin, which helps the cells use glucose, or when the body no longer responds to insulin.
* [[diagnose]] The process of using signs and symptoms to identify a disease.
* [[dialysis]] The process of filtering the blood when the kidneys are not able to cleanse it.
* [[diarrhea]] Loose, watery stools.
* [[diarrheal infection]] A disease in which viruses, bacteria, or parasites invade the body and multiply, causing abdominal pain, cramping, and frequent watery bowel movements.
* [[diazepam]] A drug that is used as a sedative and muscle relaxant, and to treat anxiety and epileptic seizures.
* [[digestion]] The process the body uses to break down food into simple substances for energy, growth, and cell repair.
* [[digestive tract]] The large, muscular tube that extends from the mouth to the anus, in which hormones, enzymes, and the movement of muscles work together to digest food. Also called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
* [[disability]] A physical or mental impairment that significantly limits a person's ability to walk, see, hear, speak, breathe, learn, work, or take care of oneself.
* [[disease progression]] The way a medical condition develops over time.
* [[disorder]] In medicine, a disturbance of normal functioning of the mind or body. Disorders may be caused by genetic factors, disease, or trauma.
* [[disorientation]] A mental state marked by confusion about time, place, or who one is.
* [[distal ileum]] The end of the small intestine that attaches to the large intestine.
* [[distress]] Mental or physical pain or suffering.
* [[diuretic]] A drug or other substance that increases the amount of urine made by the body.
* [[dose]] The amount of medicine or other substance taken at one time or over a specific period of time.
* [[double-blind]] Describes a clinical trial in which neither the researcher nor the patient knows which of several possible therapies the patient is receiving.
* [[drug]] Any substance (other than food) that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition. Also, a substance that alters mood or body function or that can be habit-forming or addictive, especially a narcotic.
* [[duration]] The length of time that something lasts.
* [[echinacea]] A plant that is native to North America. Traditionally, it has been used for colds, flu, and other infections.
* [[edema]] Swelling caused by excess fluid in the body. Edema often affects the hands, arms, feet, ankles, legs, hands, and arms.
* [[effectiveness]] In medicine, the ability of an intervention (for example, a drug, surgery, or a dietary supplement) to produce the desired beneficial effect under the usual conditions of care by a health care provider.
* [[efficacy]] In medicine, the ability of an intervention (for example, a drug, surgery, or dietary supplement) to produce the desired beneficial effect under the best possible conditions of care, such as a clinical trial.
* [[endometrium]] A layer of tissue that lines the uterus.
* [[endpoint]] A specific outcome measured in a clinical trial that is used to judge how well the treatment works (treatment efficacy). For example, the endpoint measured in a clinical trial may be weight loss, quality of life, or survival.
* [[enzyme]] A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body.
* [[eosinophil]] A type of white blood cell.
* [[epidemiologic study]] Research that examines the patterns, causes, and control of a disease in a population of people.
* [[epithelium]] A thin layer of tissue that covers organs, glands, and other structures within the body.
* [[esophagus]] The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach.
* [[essential]] In nutrition, essential nutrients are ones that we must consume for good health because our bodies cannot make them. Essential nutrients include vitamins and minerals.
* [[esteem]] Admiration, regard, respect, and value.
* [[ester]] A chemical compound made by the reaction between an alcohol and an acid.
* [[estradiol]] A form of the hormone estrogen.
* [[estriol]] A form of the hormone estrogen.
* [[ethanol]] A type of alcohol. Also called ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol.
* [[evidence]] Information used to support the use of a particular screening procedure, treatment, or preventive measure. In medicine, evidence needed to determine effectiveness is provided by laboratory research, clinical trials, and other studies.
* [[extended-release]] In medicine, pills and capsules that release a drug in the body slowly over time.
* [[extract]] A substance made by soaking an herb in a liquid that removes specific types of chemicals. The liquid can be used as is or evaporated to make a concentrate or a dry extract for use in capsules or tablets.
* [[fat soluble]] Able to be dissolved in fat.
* [[fatal]] Deadly; causing death.
* [[fatigue]] Extreme tiredness and an inability to function due to lack of energy.
* [[fetal]] Having to do with a fetus (the developing human from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth).
* [[fetus]] The developing human from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth.
* [[fibrocystic breast disease]] A common condition in which the breasts feel bumpy, tender, and painful, especially before a menstrual period.
* [[filler]] An inactive ingredient (one that has no medicinal effect on the body, such as lactose or starch) that is used to provide consistency and uniformity in the size and weight of a pill or tablet.
* [[flavanols]] Substances that naturally occur in some plants such as tea, cocoa, red grapes, berries, apples, and red wine. Also called flavan-3-ols.
* [[flavanones]] Substances that naturally occur in some plants, especially citrus.
* [[flavonols]] Substances that naturally occur in some plants, such as apples, apricots, beans, broccoli, cherries, cherry tomatoes, cranberries, kale, leeks, pears, onions, red grapes, and tea. Flavonols include quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol.
* [[folic acid]] The form of folate (a B vitamin occurring naturally in food) that is manufactured and used in supplements and fortified foods.
* [[follicle-stimulating hormone]] FSH. A hormone made by the pituitary gland (an organ at the base of the brain) that is used in reproduction and in making estrogen and sperm.
* [[fracture]] A break, for example, a bone fracture.
* [[fragile]] Easily broken.
* [[fukinolic acid]] A component of black cohosh.
* [[functional food]] A conventional or modified food or ingredient that provides a health benefit (such as a lowered risk of osteoporosis) in addition to the basic nutritional functions of the food. Examples include whole, fortified, enriched, and enhanced foods.
* [[gastric cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the stomach that spreads through the outer layers of the stomach as it grows.
* [[gastric juice]] The digestive fluid made by the stomach. It contains hydrochloric acid, enzymes, intrinsic factor, and mucus.
* [[gastric]] Having to do with the stomach.
* [[gastrointestinal tract]] The large, muscular tube that extends from the mouth to the anus, where the movement of muscles and release of hormones and enzymes digest food.
* [[gastrointestinal]] GI. Having to do with the gastrointestinal tract (the large, muscular tube that extends from the mouth to the anus, where the movement of muscles and release of hormones and enzymes digest food).
* [[gene-modified]] Cells that have been altered to contain different genetic material than they originally contained.
* [[gene]] The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein.
* [[genetically modified food]] Food made from plants or animals whose genes have been changed in the laboratory. These changes may increase crop yields, control insects and weeds, or improve nutritional content. Also called genetically engineered food.
* [[genetics]] Heredity passed from parent to offspring. Also, the identification and study of genes within an organism, their function in normal development, the consequences of gene alteration or variation (mutation), and potential treatments for genetic diseases.
* [[ginger]] The root of this plant has been used in cooking and in some cultures to treat nausea, vomiting, and certain other medical conditions. It is being studied in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy. Latin name: Zingiber officianale.
* [[gland]] A small organ that makes and releases a substance such as sweat, tears, saliva, milk, a hormone, or substances that aid in digestion.
* [[glucosamine]] Glucosamine sulfate is found naturally in the fluid that surrounds your joints. It is also made from the shells of shrimp, lobsters, and crabs, and can be made in the laboratory. Some people use glucosamine to help prevent arthritis pain.
* [[glutamine]] A chemical that increases the number of messages sent between nerve cells. It is thought to be involved in learning and memory.
* [[gluten]] A protein found in wheat, rye, and barley. Eating gluten damages the small intestine in people who have celiac disease (also called gluten intolerance, gluten-sensitive enteropathy, and sprue) and can cause abdominal pain, gas, diarrhea, and other symptoms.
* [[glycoside]] A chemical compound that is made from a sugar molecule in the body or in a laboratory.
* [[goiter]] An enlarged thyroid gland. A goiter is caused by too little iodine in the diet or by other conditions, such as a growth on the thyroid or a gland that makes too much or not enough hormones.
* [[gram]] g. A measure of weight. It is a metric unit of mass equal to 0.001 kilogram (it weighs 0.035 ounce).
* [[gynecologic]] Having to do with the female reproductive tract (including the cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina).
* [[health care provider]] A person who supplies health care services. Health care providers include individuals with professional training (including doctors, nurses, technicians, and aides).
* [[heart attack]] The blockage of an artery supplying blood and oxygen to the heart, resulting in the damage or death of a section of heart muscle.
* [[heart failure]] A condition in which the heart is unable to pump the amount of blood needed by the body. It is caused by high blood pressure, heart attack, and other disorders of the heart or blood vessels. Also called congestive heart failure.
* [[heart palpitation]] Forceful and irregular beating of the heart.
* [[heart rhythm]] The regular beating of the heart as it moves blood throughout the body.
* [[hemochromatosis]] A condition in which the body absorbs more iron than it needs and stores it in the liver, heart, and pancreas. Hemochromatosis causes liver disease, heart problems, and organ failure.
* [[hemodialysis]] The use of a machine to remove wastes and extra fluid from the blood when the kidneys have stopped working. The cleaned blood is then returned to the body.
* [[hemoglobin]] The substance inside red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues.
* [[hepatitis]] A group of diseases in which the liver becomes enlarged and inflamed, causing fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and dark urine.
* [[herb]] A plant used in cooking, in tea, and for medicinal purposes.
* [[herbal]] Having to do with or made from medicinal or edible plants.
* [[hives]] Raised red bumps or patches on the surface of the skin that come and go and itch, burn, or sting. They are usually caused by an allergic reaction to drugs, food, or insect bites. Also called urticaria.
* [[home birth]] Having a baby in the home rather than at a birthing center or hospital.
* [[hormone replacement therapy]] HRT. Hormones (estrogen, progesterone, or both) given to women after menopause to make up for the hormones no longer made by the ovaries. Also called hormone therapy.
* [[hormone]] A group of chemicals made by glands in the body. Hormones circulate in the bloodstream and control the actions of certain cells or organs. Some hormones can also be manufactured.
* [[hot flash]] A sudden, temporary onset of body warmth, flushing, and sweating (often associated with menopause).
* [[hydrochloric acid]] An acid made in the stomach. It works with enzymes (substances that speed up chemical reactions in the body) to break down proteins during digestion.
* [[hyperthyroidism]] A condition in which your thyroid gland makes more hormone than your body needs. Symptoms include weight loss, fatigue, restlessness, frequent bowel movements or diarrhea, and goiter.
* [[hypervitaminosis A]] Abnormally high amounts of vitamin A stored in the body. It can cause headache, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and birth defects. Also called vitamin A toxicity.
* [[hysterectomy]] Surgery to remove the uterus. A partial hysterectomy is removal of the uterus only. A total hysterectomy is removal of the uterus and part or all of the cervix.
* [[immune function]] Substances made and action taken by cells that fight disease and infection.
* [[immune system]] A group of organs and cells that defends the body against infection, disease, and altered (mutated) cells. It includes the thymus, spleen, lymphatic system (lymph nodes and lymph vessels), bone marrow, tonsils, and white blood cells.
* [[immunity]] The condition of being protected against or resistant to an infectious disease.
* [[immunization]] A method used to cause an immune response that helps protect against a specific disease, especially an infectious one. An example is the injection given to prevent chicken pox.
* [[impotence]] In medicine, the inability to get or keep an erection firm enough for sexual intercourse. Also called erectile dysfunction.
* [[in vitro]] In the laboratory (outside the body).
* [[in vivo]] In the body.
* [[inactive ingredient]] A substance that has no medicinal effect on the body. Uses of small amounts of inactive ingredients in dietary supplements include holding the tablet together, improving the taste or smell, and increasing the stability of the key ingredient.
* [[incidence]] The number of new cases of a disease diagnosed in a specific group of people during a specific period of time. For example, the annual incidence of childhood cancer is 14.6 cases per 100,000 children aged birth to 14 years.
* [[infant formula]] An artificial form of breast milk.
* [[infant]] A child younger than 12 months old.
* [[infection]] The invasion and spread of germs in the body. The germs may be bacteria, viruses, yeast, or fungi.
* [[infertility]] The inability to produce children.
* [[inflammation]] Redness, swelling, pain, and/or a feeling of heat in an area of the body. It is a protective reaction to injury, disease, or irritation of tissues.
* [[inflammatory bowel disease]] IBD. Long-lasting (chronic) problems that cause irritation and ulcers in the digestive tract. The most common disorders are ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
* [[ingestion]] Taking into the body by mouth.
* [[inherit]] In genetics, to receive genes that are passed from parents to their children.
* [[injection]] Use of a syringe and needle to push fluids or drugs into the body. Also called a shot.
* [[inorganic]] Describes a substance that is not of plant or animal origin. For example, minerals are inorganic.
* [[insomnia]] Difficulty in going to sleep or in getting enough sleep.
* [[intervention]] Action taken to improve health or to treat or cure a disease.
* [[intestine]] The section of the digestive tract below the stomach, including the small and large intestines, rectum, and anus.
* [[intravenous]] Into or within a vein, such as an intravenous injection.
* [[intrinsic factor]] A protein made by the stomach that is needed to absorb vitamin B12 in the large intestine.
* [[investigation]] Observation, study, and examination.
* [[iodize]] To add iodine. For example, iodized table salt has a small amount of iodine added to it to help prevent iodine deficiency.
* [[iridoid]] A category of compounds found in some plants.
* [[iron]] In nutrition, a mineral the body needs to make red blood cells, proteins, and enzymes; and for the control of cell growth and cell specialization. Iron is found in some foods, including red meats, fish, poultry, lentils, and beans.
* [[isoferulic acid]] A component of black cohosh.
* [[isoflavones]] Substances that naturally occur in some plants, especially soybeans. Isoflavones are a type of phytoestrogen and are similar to the hormone estrogen in people.
* [[isopropanol]] A substance used to kill germs and as a solvent to dissolve other substances into a solution. Also called isopropyl alcohol and rubbing alcohol.
* [[isopropyl alcohol]] A substance used to kill germs and as a solvent. Also called isopropanol and rubbing alcohol.
* [[kidney stone]] A “pebble” that forms in a kidney from salts and minerals in the urine. A small kidney stone is able to pass out of the body; a large stone may block the urinary tract and require medical help.
* [[kidney]] One of two organs that remove waste from the blood (as urine). The kidneys also make erythropoietin (a substance that stimulates red blood cell production) and help regulate blood pressure. The kidneys are located near the back under the lower ribs.
* [[labor]] The process of childbirth.
* [[laboratory test]] A medical procedure that involves testing a sample of blood, urine, tissue, or other substance collected from the body. Tests can help determine a diagnosis, plan treatment, check to see whether treatment is working, or monitor a disease over time.
* [[lactation]] The processes of making milk in the breast for feeding an infant.
* [[lactose]] A type of sugar found in milk and milk products.
* [[laxative]] A substance that moves the bowels and relieves constipation.
* [[legume]] Dried beans and peas, including kidney beans, pinto beans, black beans, navy beans, lima beans, black-eyed peas, garbanzo beans (chickpeas), split peas, and lentils. Legumes are good sources of protein, iron, zinc, dietary fiber, folate, and potassium.
* [[lens]] The clear part of the eye behind the iris that changes shape to focus near and far objects onto the retina (the nerve tissue at the back of the eye that receives images and sends them to the brain).
* [[liver]] A large organ located in the right upper abdomen. It stores nutrients that come from food, makes chemicals needed by the body, and breaks down some medicines and harmful substances so they can be removed from the body.
* [[loop diuretic]] Medication that is used to treat fluid build-up in the body and congestive heart failure. It may also be used to treat high blood pressure. Loop diuretics increase the amount of water that the body loses as urine.
* [[lot]] A batch, or a specific identified portion of a batch, having uniform character and quality within specified limits; or, an amount produced in a unit of time or quantity.
* [[lozenge]] A small, hard candy containing medicine that is dissolved in the mouth.
* [[lung]] An organ in the chest that supplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide. There are two lungs in the body.
* [[luteinizing hormone]] LH. A hormone made in the brain that is important for the release of an egg from an ovary during the menstrual cycle and in making the hormones testosterone and estrogen.
* [[lymphocyte]] A type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system. It defends the body against infection, disease, and altered (mutated) cells.
* [[lymphoma]] Cancer that develops in cells of your immune system, called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell.
* [[macronutrients]] The carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in food that give you energy and maintain your body.
* [[macrophage]] A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells.
* [[malabsorption]] A reduced ability to properly absorb nutrients. It can be caused by injury to the digestive tract, a genetic disease, or other conditions. Malabsorption can lead to malnutrition.
* [[malaise]] General discomfort that may be an early symptom of illness.
* [[malnourished]] Describes a condition caused by not getting enough calories or the right amount of key nutrients needed for health. Key nutrients include vitamins and minerals.
* [[malnutrition]] A disorder caused by a diet that does not provide enough nutrition, an unbalanced diet, a digestive system that does not work properly, or a problem with absorbing or using nutrients.
* [[mast cell]] A type of white blood cell.
* [[mechanism of action]] The means by which a substance (such as a dietary supplement) is able to produce an effect in the body.
* [[medicinal]] Having to do with the abilities of medicine to prevent and cure.
* [[megaloblastic anemia]] A disorder in which red blood cells are larger than normal, immature, and few in number, which reduces the amount of oxygen that can be carried by the blood to the body's tissues. It is caused by a deficiency in folate or vitamin B12.
* [[menopause]] The time of life when a woman's menstrual periods stop. A woman is in menopause when she hasn't had a period for 12 months in a row. Also called "change of life."
* [[menstruation]] Periodic discharge of blood and tissue from the uterus. From puberty until menopause, menstruation normally occurs about every 28 days, except when a woman is pregnant.
* [[meta-analysis]] A methodical review of the results of multiple research studies. In a meta-analysis, statistical methods are used to measure the combined results of these studies and estimate an overall effect.
* [[metabolic]] Having to do with metabolism (all chemical changes that take place in a cell or organism to produce energy and basic materials needed for important life processes).
* [[metabolism]] All chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism. These changes produce energy and basic materials needed for important life processes.
* [[metabolize]] To go through the process of metabolism (chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism to produce energy and basic materials needed for important life processes).
* [[microgram]] µg or mcg. A unit of weight in the metric system equal to one millionth of a gram. (A gram is approximately one-thirtieth of an ounce.)
* [[micronutrients]] The vitamins and minerals in your diet that your body needs in small amounts.
* [[microorganism]] A living being that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include helpful and harmful bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms.
* [[microscopic]] Too small to be seen without a microscope.
* [[migraine]] A type of headache that causes intense throbbing or pulsing pain, sensitivity to light and sound, and nausea and vomiting. A migraine often begins with visions of flashing lights, zigzag lines, and/or temporary loss of sight.
* [[milligram]] mg. A measure of weight. It is a metric unit of mass equal to 0.001 gram (it weighs 28,000 times less than an ounce).
* [[mineral]] In nutrition, an inorganic substance found in the earth that is required to maintain health.
* [[miscarriage]] The natural loss of a fetus before 20 weeks of pregnancy. Also called spontaneous abortion.
* [[mitigate]] To make milder or less painful.
* [[mortality]] The rate of death.
* [[mucous membrane]] The moist tissue that lines some organs and body cavities (such as the nose, mouth, and lungs) and makes mucus (a thick, slippery fluid). Also called mucosa.
* [[multivitamin/mineral dietary supplement]] MVM. A product that is meant to supplement the diet. MVMs contain a variety of vitamins and minerals. The number and amounts of these nutrients can vary substantially by product.
* [[multivitamin]] A product that is meant to supplement the diet. Multivitamins contain a variety of vitamins. The number and amounts of these nutrients can vary substantially by product.
* [[nasal]] Having to do with the nose.
* [[naturalize]] To introduce a plant from one geographic region to another, and to allow it to establish itself without cultivation, and grow as if it were native to the area.
* [[nausea]] The uneasy feeling of having an urge to throw up (vomit).
* [[neonate]] An infant during the first month of life after birth.
* [[neonatologist]] A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of newborn infants.
* [[nerve ending]] The end of a nerve fiber that projects from the cell body of a nerve cell (neuron).
* [[nerve]] A bundle of microscopic fibers that carries messages back and forth from the brain to other parts of the body.
* [[nervous system]] The brain and spinal cord, including the network of nerves that carry messages back and forth between the brain and all parts of the body. The nervous system controls what the body does.
* [[neurologic]] Having to do with nerves and the nervous system.
* [[neuron]] A nerve cell. Neurons send chemical and electrical messages throughout the nervous system that direct the body to function, move, think, and have emotions.
* [[neurotransmitter]] A chemical messenger that is made and used by nerve cells (neurons) to communicate with one another.
* [[neutrophil]] A type of white blood cell.
* [[nitrite]] A chemical substance that contains nitrogen and oxygen and is used to preserve food.
* [[nitrosamine]] A chemical substance that can form in the acid conditions of the stomach. It may cause cancer.
* [[nonorganic insomnia]] A sleep disorder (difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep) that occurs as a symptom of a physical or mental disease.
* [[norethisterone acetate]] A substance used in oral contraceptives (birth control pills) and as a treatment for endometriosis (a condition in which tissue that is normally found inside the uterus grows elsewhere in the abdomen).
* [[nursing]] Breastfeeding.
* [[nutrient]] A chemical compound in food that is used by the body to function and maintain health. Examples of nutrients include proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.
* [[nutritional]] Having to do with nutrition (eating, digesting, and absorbing the nutrients in food, and the health and disease consequences).
* [[objective]] Having to do with fact, experience, or direct observation rather than personal opinion or feeling.
* [[observational study]] A type of research in which individuals are observed for a specific period of time, sometimes for many years, and certain outcomes are measured. No attempt is made to affect the outcome (for example, no treatment is given).
* [[oleic acid]] A fatty acid found in animal fats and vegetable oils.
* [[omega-3 fatty acid]] A main component of fats used by the body for energy and tissue growth. Omega-3s are essential fatty acids in the human diet; they are found in fish oil and certain plant and nut oils.
* [[oral]] By mouth; having to do with the mouth.
* [[organism]] A living thing such as an animal, a plant, a bacterium, or a fungus.
* [[osteoarthritis]] A disease that breaks down the cartilage in your joints. Over time, the cartilage wears away, your bones rub together, and you can have joint pain, stiffness, and swelling, typically in your fingers, thumbs, knees, hips, neck, and lower back.
* [[osteoporosis]] A condition in which bones become weak and brittle, increasing the chance they may break.
* [[outcome]] A specific endpoint measured in a clinical trial. Examples include weight loss, cholesterol levels, severe toxicity, worsening of disease, and death.
* [[ovariectomize]] To remove one or both ovaries (the female reproductive organs in which eggs are made and stored).
* [[ovary]] One of a pair of female reproductive glands in which the eggs (ova) are formed and stored. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus.
* [[oxazepam]] A drug used to treat anxiety, sleeping disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, and the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. It belongs to the family of drugs called benzodiazepines.
* [[oxidation]] In chemistry, the addition of oxygen atoms to a chemical substance or the loss of electrons by a chemical substance.
* [[palpitation]] A fluttering sensation in the chest, usually caused by a forceful or irregular heart beat.
* [[pancreas]] An organ in the abdomen. It makes a liquid (called pancreatic juice) containing enzymes that aid in digestion, and makes several hormones, including insulin. The pancreas is surrounded by the stomach and intestines.
* [[pancreatic cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the pancreas, an organ behind the stomach that makes pancreatic juices to help digest food, and several hormones, including insulin.
* [[parenteral]] Having to do with providing substances for the body without using the gastrointestinal tract. Examples include an intravenous infusion, an injection under the skin, or an injection into a muscle.
* [[participant withdrawal]] When a person enrolled as a subject in a clinical trial stops participating before the study is completed.
* [[pediatrician]] A medical doctor (physician) who specializes in the treatment of children.
* [[peer-reviewed journal]] A scholarly or scientific publication in which an article is reviewed by a board of experts before it is published. The board members determine the accuracy of the article and approve or reject it.
* [[peppermint]] A plant that has been used in traditional medicine in many parts of the world to relieve indigestion, cough, sore throat, headache, abdominal cramping, and gas. Also called brandy mint, lamb mint, and lammint. Latin name: Mentha piperita.
* [[percentile]] A ranking on a scale of 100 that indicates the percent of others at or below that score. For example, a child with a weight in the 95th percentile for her age is heavier than 95 percent of all children her age; 5 percent of children her age weigh more.
* [[perimenopausal]] The time of life near menopause when a woman's menstrual periods become irregular.
* [[peripheral artery disease]] A disorder in which the arteries supplying blood to the kidneys, stomach, arms, legs, or feet become blocked by a build-up of fat and cholesterol deposits inside the arteries (atherosclerosis), causing cramping and weakness.
* [[peristalsis]] A wavelike movement of muscles that moves food and liquid through the gastrointestinal tract.
* [[pharmacist]] A person licensed to make and dispense (give out) prescription drugs and who has been taught how they work, how to use them, and their side effects.
* [[phytomedicine]] The use of herbs and other plants for their therapeutic or medicinal qualities. Also called phytotherapy.
* [[pica]] An eating disorder in which a person eats things that are not food, such as dirt, clay, paint flakes, sand, hair, or paper. Pica is more common in young children and in people with brain injuries or developmental disabilities.
* [[pinkeye]] An infection or inflammation of the lining of the eyelid and the white part of the eye. Also called conjunctivitis.
* [[placenta]] The organ that delivers nutrients and oxygen and takes away carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes from the developing fetus in the uterus.
* [[plasma]] The yellowish fluid part of blood in which blood cells are found. The plasma contains proteins that form blood clots.
* [[platelet]] Fragments of bone marrow cells (megakaryocytes) that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called a thrombocyte.
* [[polyphenols]] Substances that occur naturally in plants. More than 8,000 polyphenols are found in plant foods, including berries, black grapes, cherries, coffee, dark chocolate, and red onions.
* [[porous]] Full of holes.
* [[postmenopausal]] Having to do with the time after menopause. The time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently is called menopause ("change of life").
* [[postterm baby]] A baby born after the normal 42 weeks of pregnancy.
* [[potassium]] A mineral that helps the body’s nerves to function, muscles to move, and heart to beat. Potassium helps balance some of the harmful effects of salt on blood pressure.
* [[poultry]] Birds that are raised for eggs or meat, including chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese.
* [[premature infant]] A baby born before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Normally pregnancy lasts 42 weeks. Also called preterm infant and preemie.
* [[premenstrual syndrome (PMS)]] Severe symptoms that occur 1 or 2 weeks before menstruation, including cramping, bloating, and tender breasts; food cravings; mood swings and irritability; and headache and fatigue.
* [[prenatal]] Before birth; during pregnancy.
* [[preparation]] A mixture made for medicinal use.
* [[prescription]] A written order from a health care provider for medicine, therapy, or tests.
* [[prevalence]] In medicine, the percentage of a population that is affected with a specific disease at any one time.
* [[prevent]] To stop from happening.
* [[prevention]] In medicine, action taken to decrease the chance (risk) of developing a disease.
* [[progestin]] A natural or laboratory-made substance that has some or all of the biologic effects of progesterone, a female hormone.
* [[progression]] In medicine, the course of a disease as it becomes worse. For example, as cancer progresses, it spreads in the body.
* [[prolactin]] A hormone made by the pituitary gland (an organ located at the base of the brain) and important for making breast milk and in ovulation (the release of an egg from an ovary during the menstrual cycle).
* [[proliferation]] Multiplying or increasing in number. In biology, cell proliferation occurs by a process called cell division.
* [[proprietary]] A product or technique that is developed and owned by a company or individual, cannot be used by others without approval, and may be protected by patent or copyright.
* [[prostate cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the prostate (a gland in the male reproductive system found below the bladder and in front of the rectum). Prostate cancer usually occurs in older men.
* [[protein-energy malnutrition]] A group of conditions that result when the body does not get enough protein or energy (calories), or both, to support growth and development and for the body to work properly.
* [[protein]] A molecule made up of amino acids that the body needs for good health. Proteins are the basis of body structures such as skin and muscle, and substances such as enzymes and antibodies.
* [[proton pump inhibitor]] PPI. A drug that reduces the amount of acid made by the stomach. It is used to treat peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
* [[provitamin]] A substance found in some foods that the body can use to make a vitamin. An example of a provitamin is beta-carotene, which the body uses to make vitamin A. Also called a vitamin precursor.
* [[prudent]] Wise; using good judgment.
* [[pruritus]] An itching sensation that triggers the desire to scratch. Pruritus can range from mild to severe.
* [[psoriasis]] A chronic inflammatory disease in which the skin becomes swollen, red, and itchy, with patches of silvery-white scales.
* [[pyridoxine]] A form of vitamin B6.
* [[quality control]] A system to ensure that consistency and uniformity are maintained in the manufacturing of a product.
* [[quality of life]] The overall enjoyment of life, a sense of well-being, and the ability to carry out routine activities.
* [[radiation therapy]] The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays and other sources to kill cancer cells, shrink tumors, and treat other conditions.
* [[red blood cell]] A cell that carries oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from all parts of the body.
* [[regimen]] A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, schedule, and duration of treatment.
* [[regulate]] To govern, make uniform, and bring under the control of a rule, principle, or legal system. In the United States, the FDA has the authority to regulate dietary supplements.
* [[remission]] A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of disease.
* [[reproductive age]] The time of life during which a person is able to conceive a child. It begins in puberty (for men and women) and ends after menopoause (for women only).
* [[reproductive organ]] A sex organ. In females, reproductive organs include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. In males, reproductive organs include the prostate, testes, and penis.
* [[resin]] A substance found in some plants.
* [[respiratory tract]] The organs that are involved in breathing. These include the mouth, nose, throat (pharynx), voicebox (larynx), windpipe (trachea), air passages between the windpipe and lungs (bronchial tubes), and lungs. Also called the respiratory system.
* [[respiratory]] Having to do with breathing. The organs that are involved with breathing include the mouth, nose, throat (pharynx), voicebox (larynx), windpipe (trachea), air passages between the windpipe and lungs (bronchial tubes), and lungs.
* [[restless leg syndrome]] A disorder of the nervous system that causes unpleasant or painful feelings in the legs, especially when relaxing, which results in uncontrollable urges to move them.
* [[retina]] The light-sensitive layers of nerve tissue at the back of the eye that receive images and send them as electric signals through the optic nerve to the brain.
* [[retinal]] The form of vitamin A needed for proper vision. It is made by the body from beta-carotene. Also called retinaldehyde.
* [[retinitis pigmentosa]] A group of inherited eye diseases that affect the retina (the light-sensitive part of the eye), causing a gradual loss of night vision and peripheral vision and usually resulting in partial blindness.
* [[retinoid]] A category of vitamin A compounds. The retinoids include retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. Synthetic retinoids are manufactured for use in treating acne, psoriasis, and other skin disorders.
* [[retinol binding protein]] RBP. A molecule that binds to retinol (the form of vitamin A in foods that come from animals) and carries it through the blood to tissues where it is used, and to the liver where it is stored.
* [[retinyl ester]] A form in which newly absorbed retinol (the form of vitamin A in foods that come from animals) is stored in the body.
* [[retinyl palmitate]] The main form in which retinol (the form of vitamin A in foods that come from animals) is stored in the body.
* [[rheumatism]] A group of disorders characterized by inflammation or pain in the body's connective tissues (bone and cartilage).
* [[rheumatoid arthritis]] An autoimmune disease that causes pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joints. It may cause severe joint damage, loss of function, and disability. The disease may last from months to a lifetime, and symptoms may improve and worsen over time.
* [[rhizome]] A horizontal stem that grows shallowly underground. At nodes along the rhizome, below-ground roots and above-ground shoots grow into new plants. Examples include strawberries and many types of grasses.
* [[ribonucleic acid]] RNA. A substance that tells cells how to make proteins.
* [[rigorous]] Accurate, precise, and without deviation from standards.
* [[risk factor]] Something that may increase the chance of developing a disease. For example, a diet that is low in calcium and vitamin D is a risk factor for osteoporosis; smoking is a risk factor for lung cancer.
* [[risk]] The chance or probability that a harmful event will occur. In health, for example, the chance that someone will develop a disease or condition.
* [[root]] A part of a plant that is below ground.
* [[safety data]] Information about unwanted symptoms or diseases related to the use of drugs, medical devices, dietary supplements, food, and cosmetics.
* [[sample]] A subset of individuals selected from a larger population. A sample is used to form conclusions about the general population.
* [[saponin]] A substance found in some plants. Saponins may help lower cholesterol and may have anticancer effects.
* [[scale]] A standardized tool used to measure or rate. For example, specific scales are used to measure a person's quality of life and the severity of pain.
* [[scientific literature]] Published peer-reviewed original research in the sciences and social sciences.
* [[scientific study]] A method of gaining knowledge by making observations, proposing educated guesses (hypotheses) to explain the observations, and testing the hypotheses in ways that have reproducible results.
* [[screening]] Checking for a disease or condition when there are no symptoms.
* [[scurvy]] A disease caused by a lack of vitamin C in the diet. Symptoms include anemia, gum disease, bleeding, and bruising.
* [[secondhand smoke]] Smoke that comes from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe and smoke exhaled by a smoker. Inhaling secondhand smoke can cause cancer, respiratory tract infections, and heart disease.
* [[sedative]] A drug or other substance that helps cause relaxation, calmness, and sleepiness.
* [[seizure]] Sudden changes in behavior caused by excessive electrical activity in the brain.
* [[selenium]] A mineral required in very small amounts to make important enzymes that are essential for good health. Selenium is found in some foods, including plant foods grown in selenium-rich soil, and some meats and seafood.
* [[sennoside]] The active ingredient in senna, a plant whose leaves are used to make a stimulant laxative that increases the frequency of bowel movements and relieves constipation.
* [[sesquiterpene]] A substance found in some plants.
* [[sewage sludge]] The material that results from processing human waste at sewage treatment facilities.
* [[short-chain fatty acid]] A fat molecule that is composed of 6 or fewer carbon atoms. This type of fat is able to dissolve in water and is digested and absorbed more rapidly than other fats.
* [[sign]] An indication of disease that can be seen and/or measured. Examples include high fever, high blood pressure, infection, and coughing up blood.
* [[skin cancer]] Cancer that forms in tissues of the skin. Most skin cancers form in older people on parts of the body exposed to the sun or in people who have weakened immune systems.
* [[sleep disorder]] A consistent disruption of the normal pattern of sleep.
* [[sleep latency]] The period of time between settling down to go to sleep and actually falling asleep.
* [[slow-wave sleep]] Deep, nondreaming sleep.
* [[small intestine]] The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine.
* [[solution]] A liquid in which another substance has been dissolved or mixed.
* [[spasm]] An abnormal and uncontrollable muscle contraction or cramp.
* [[specimen]] In medicine, a small amount of tissue or fluid from the body used for analysis, such as a blood sample.
* [[standard reference material]] An authenticated material.
* [[standard treatment]] Medical therapy that is widely accepted and used by most health care professionals as an appropriate treatment for a particular condition.
* [[statin]] A drug used to treat high cholesterol. Statins lower the amount of cholesterol and certain fats in the blood.
* [[statistical difference]] A mathematical measure of variation between groups that is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone.
* [[statistical effect]] Describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups.
* [[statistically significant]] In medicine, a mathematical measure of difference between two or more groups receiving different treatments that is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone.
* [[status]] The state or condition. For example, a person’s vitamin B12 status is measured by doing a laboratory test on a blood sample.
* [[stimulant]] A substance that increases brain activity, alertness, attention, blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and energy.
* [[stolon]] A specialized stem that grows horizontally on top of the ground; roots and new plants form at nodes along the stolon. An example is the strawberry plant.
* [[stool]] The waste matter passed in a bowel movement; feces.
* [[study design]] A plan for collecting and using information to properly test an educated guess (hypothesis).
* [[stunted growth]] Not able to reach the expected height, size, or level of development for a child’s age.
* [[subclinical]] Having to do with the early stage of a disease, before signs and symptoms appear.
* [[subcutaneous]] Beneath the skin.
* [[subjective improvement]] An improvement that is reported by a person but cannot be measured by a healthcare provider. For example, "I feel better."
* [[subjective measurement]] A method of determining an effect when precise numbers cannot be known. Examples of tools used in subjective measurement include questionnaires and sliding scales. For example, "On a scale of 1 to 10, my pain is an 8."
* [[subjective]] Influenced by experience, knowledge, opinion, or emotion; not based on facts alone.
* [[sudden cardiac death]] A condition in which the heart suddenly stops beating. This usually causes death if not treated within minutes.
* [[supplement]] A nutrient that may be added to the diet to increase the intake of that nutrient. Sometimes used to mean dietary supplement.
* [[symptom]] A feeling of sickness that an individual can sense, but that cannot be measured by a healthcare professional. Examples include headache, tiredness, stomach ache, depression, and pain.
* [[synaptic cleft]] The gap between nerve cells (neurons). Nerve cells communicate with each other by sending and receiving chemical messages (neurotransmitters) across the synaptic cleft.
* [[synaptosome]] A sac of nerve-ending particles that have been processed in a centrifuge in the laboratory. Synaptosomes are used in lab tests to study communication between nerve cells (neurons).
* [[synergism]] The interaction of two or more substances to produce an effect that is greater than what would be expected by adding the separate effects of each.
* [[synthesis]] Creating something new by putting together separate parts (such as, chemicals). For example, sunlight is needed for vitamin D synthesis in the skin.
* [[synthetic]] Made by combining parts to make a whole; usually having to do with substances that are artificial or manufactured.
* [[systematic review]] A structured method of identifying, selecting, and analyzing appropriate research to answer a specific question.
* [[tamoxifen]] A drug used to treat breast cancer and to prevent cancer in women who have a high risk of developing breast cancer. Tamoxifen blocks the effects of the hormone estrogen in the breast. It belongs to the family of drugs called antiestrogens.
* [[tea]] A drink made by adding boiling water to fresh or dried herbs and steeping (soaking) them. It may be drunk either hot or cold. Also called an infusion.
* [[theoretical]] Describes an assumption that is supported by scientific evidence, but has not been proven.
* [[therapeutic effect]] The beneficial response or outcome of a treatment or prevention measure.
* [[therapeutic]] Used to treat disease and help healing take place.
* [[thiamin]] An important nutrient that is needed by the body to make energy from food, for cell and muscle function, and for a healthy nervous system. Thiamin is found in some foods, including enriched breads and cereals, legumes, liver, nuts, pork, and whole grains.
* [[thiazide diuretic]] A drug used in the treatment of high blood pressure and swelling caused by excess fluid in body tissues (edema). It increases the amount of urine made by the body.
* [[tissue]] A group or layer of cells in a living organism that work together to perform a specific function.
* [[toddler]] A child between the ages of 12 months and 3 years.
* [[toxic]] Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted health effects.
* [[toxicity]] The degree to which something is poisonous (toxic).
* [[tranquilizer]] A drug used to treat anxiety and insomnia. It belongs to the family of drugs called central nervous system (CNS) depressants. An example is valium.
* [[transplant]] The replacement of tissue with tissue from the person's own body or from another person.
* [[treat]] To care for a patient with a disease by using medicine, surgery, or other approaches.
* [[tremor]] A trembling or shaking in one or more parts of the body, usually the hands. An individual can also have tremors in the arms, head, face, vocal cords, torso, and legs.
* [[triglyceride]] A type of fat found in your blood. When you eat more than you need, your body turns the excess calories into triglycerides. High blood levels of triglycerides can increase your risk of heart disease, heart attack, and stroke.
* [[triterpene glycoside]] A family of chemicals found in some plants. Examples of triterpene glycosides are acetein, cimicifugoside, and 26-deoxyacetin, which are components of the herb black cohosh.
* [[triterpene]] A chemical compound found in some plants.
* [[tumor]] An abnormal growth of tissue that forms when cells divide more often than they should. Tumors may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer).
* [[ulcer]] A sore on the skin or in the lining of an organ or other tissue that deepens as cells die. Ulcers form where swelling, redness, pain, and warmth (inflammation) have killed the cells, then bleed and produce pus.
* [[ulcerative colitis]] Chronic inflammation of the colon that causes ulcers to form in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel.
* [[ultraviolet light]] Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. Ultraviolet light also comes from sun lamps and tanning beds. It can damage the skin and cause skin cancer.
* [[uniformity]] The quality of being consistently the same and not varying or fluctuating in color, size, weight, composition, or any other physical feature.
* [[urinary tract]] The organs involved in making and relieving the body of urine, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
* [[urine]] Excess liquids and wastes that have been filtered from the blood by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and removed from the body through the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body).
* [[uterus]] The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis in which a fetus develops.
* [[vagina]] The muscular canal between the uterus and the outside of the body.
* [[valepotriate]] An active component of valerian. It has a sedative effect.
* [[valerenic acid]] An active component of valerian. It is has a sedative effect.
* [[valerian]] The roots of this plant are used by some cultures as an ingredient in mild sedatives and sleep aids for nervous tension and insomnia. It is being studied in improving sleep in patients undergoing treatment for cancer. Latin name: Valeriana officinalis.
* [[vascular]] Having to do with blood vessels.
* [[vasomotor]] Having to do with the narrowing and widening of blood vessels.
* [[vegan]] A person who eats only plant-based foods. Vegans do not eat meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, dairy products, or honey, and do not use leather, silk, or wool, or soaps and cosmetics that are made from animal products.
* [[very low birth weight]] A baby weighing less than 3 pounds, 4 ounces at birth.
* [[vitamin]] A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and maintain health. Examples are vitamins A, C, and E.
* [[volatile oil]] An oil that vaporizes easily and is responsible for the fragrance of some plants.
* [[volatile]] Describes a substance that evaporates quickly.
* [[volume]] The amount of space taken up by a substance; the amount of space a container can hold.
* [[well-being]] The state of feeling healthy, happy, and content. Well-being is affected by things such as physical and mental health, income, education, social support, attitude, values, stress, security, and other qualities of life.
* [[white blood cell]] WBC. A cell made by the bone marrow that helps the body fight infection and disease. WBCs include lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, and mast cells.
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