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{{Short description|Metformin, insulin resistance, weight loss, and type 2 diabetes prevention}}
[[File:Metformin.svg|thumb|right|300px|Chemical structure of [[metformin]], a [[biguanide]] medication commonly used for [[type 2 diabetes]], [[prediabetes]], [[insulin resistance]], and selected cases of [[polycystic ovary syndrome]].]]
[[File:Weight-loss-shakes.jpeg|thumb|right|350px|[[Meal replacement]] shakes may help selected patients with [[insulin resistance]], [[prediabetes]], [[type 2 diabetes]], and [[obesity]] achieve structured [[calorie restriction]] and [[weight loss]].]]
[[File:W8md-meal-replacementnts.png|thumb|right|350px|[[W8MD Weight Loss, Sleep and MedSpa]] Centers offer physician-supervised [[medical weight loss]], [[meal replacements]], [[low-carbohydrate diet]] counseling, [[GLP-1 weight loss]] options, and [[sleep apnea]] care.]]

'''Metformin, insulin resistance, and weight loss''' refers to the role of [[metformin]], [[medical weight loss]], [[nutrition therapy]], [[physical activity]], [[sleep apnea]] treatment, and newer [[GLP-1 receptor agonist]] medications in improving or slowing [[insulin resistance]], a central driver of [[prediabetes]], [[metabolic syndrome]], [[polycystic ovary syndrome]], [[fatty liver disease]], and [[type 2 diabetes]]. [[Insulin resistance]] occurs when [[muscle]], [[fat]], and [[liver]] cells do not respond normally to [[insulin]], causing the [[pancreas]] to make more insulin to keep [[blood glucose]] in range. Over time, the pancreas may not keep up, leading to [[prediabetes]] and eventually [[type 2 diabetes]].{{cite web|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/prediabetes-insulin-resistance|title=Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes|publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|accessdate=June 24, 2026}}{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/about/insulin-resistance-type-2-diabetes.html|title=About Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=June 24, 2026}}

Although insulin resistance is a major root cause of [[type 2 diabetes]], it is not the root cause of [[type 1 diabetes]], which is primarily an [[autoimmune disease]] involving destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells. For people with insulin resistance, early intervention with [[weight loss]], [[low-carbohydrate diet]] strategies, [[physical activity]], [[sleep apnea]] treatment, and medications such as [[metformin]], [[semaglutide]], or [[tirzepatide]] when appropriate may help reverse, improve, or slow progression of insulin resistance and reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

At '''[[W8MD Weight Loss, Sleep and MedSpa]] Centers''' in [[Brooklyn]], [[New York City]], and [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]], patients with [[obesity]], [[overweight]], [[prediabetes]], [[type 2 diabetes]], [[polycystic ovary syndrome]], [[metabolic syndrome]], [[fatty liver disease]], and [[sleep apnea]] can receive physician-supervised help with insulin resistance through [[medical weight loss]], [[low-carbohydrate diet]] counseling, [[meal replacements]], [[metformin]] when appropriate, [[GLP-1 weight loss]] medications, [[sleep apnea]] testing and treatment, [[physical activity]] guidance, and long-term [[weight maintenance]].

==Overview==
[[Metformin]] is a prescription medication most commonly used to treat [[type 2 diabetes]]. It belongs to a medication class called [[biguanide]]s. Metformin helps control [[blood glucose]] by reducing glucose production by the [[liver]], reducing glucose absorption from food, and improving the body’s response to [[insulin]].{{cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a696005.html|title=Metformin|publisher=MedlinePlus|accessdate=June 24, 2026}}{{cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000989.htm|title=Type 2 diabetes - oral medicines|publisher=MedlinePlus|accessdate=June 24, 2026}}

Metformin is not primarily marketed as a [[weight loss drug]], but it may help some patients lose a modest amount of weight, especially when combined with [[dietary change]], [[calorie restriction]], [[physical activity]], and treatment of underlying [[insulin resistance]]. It may also be used in selected patients with [[prediabetes]], [[polycystic ovary syndrome]], [[metabolic syndrome]], or weight-promoting medication-related insulin resistance.

==Insulin resistance as a root cause of type 2 diabetes==
[[Insulin resistance]] is one of the earliest metabolic changes leading to [[type 2 diabetes]]. In a healthy metabolic state, insulin helps move glucose from the bloodstream into cells. In insulin resistance, the body requires higher insulin levels to do the same job. For years, blood glucose may remain normal because the pancreas compensates by making more insulin. Eventually, beta cells may fail to compensate, and blood glucose rises.

Insulin resistance is closely linked to:

{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Prediabetes]]
* [[Type 2 diabetes]]
* [[Obesity]]
* [[Abdominal obesity]]
* [[Metabolic syndrome]]
* [[Fatty liver disease]]
* [[Dyslipidemia]]
* [[Hypertension]]
* [[Polycystic ovary syndrome]]
* [[Sleep apnea]]
* [[Inflammation]]
* [[Sedentary lifestyle]]
* [[Weight gain]]
* [[Visceral fat]]
{{div col end}}

==Can insulin resistance be reversed?==
In many people, insulin resistance can improve significantly and may sometimes be reversed or placed into remission, especially when addressed early. The strongest tools are [[weight loss]], reduced intake of refined [[carbohydrate]]s and added [[sugar]], increased [[physical activity]], improved [[sleep]], and treatment of [[sleep apnea]]. NIDDK notes that lifestyle changes including weight loss through diet changes and increased physical activity can help prevent or reverse insulin resistance and prediabetes.{{cite web|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/prediabetes-insulin-resistance|title=Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes|publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|accessdate=June 24, 2026}}

Important strategies include:

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* Losing excess [[body fat]]
* Reducing [[visceral fat]]
* Increasing [[physical activity]]
* Building [[skeletal muscle]]
* Using [[resistance training]]
* Reducing refined [[carbohydrate]] intake
* Avoiding sugary drinks
* Improving [[sleep]]
* Treating [[obstructive sleep apnea]]
* Managing [[stress]]
* Using [[metformin]] when appropriate
* Using [[GLP-1 receptor agonist]] medications when appropriate
* Long-term [[weight maintenance]]
{{div col end}}

==Metformin and insulin resistance==
[[Metformin]] improves insulin resistance mainly by reducing excess glucose production in the [[liver]] and improving the body’s response to insulin. It is often used as first-line oral therapy for [[type 2 diabetes]] and may also be considered for selected patients with [[prediabetes]], especially those at higher risk.

Metformin may help with:

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* Lowering fasting [[blood glucose]]
* Lowering [[Hemoglobin A1c]]
* Reducing liver glucose production
* Improving [[insulin sensitivity]]
* Reducing insulin levels in some patients
* Supporting modest [[weight loss]]
* Treating selected cases of [[polycystic ovary syndrome]]
* Slowing progression from [[prediabetes]] to [[type 2 diabetes]] in selected high-risk patients
{{div col end}}

The Diabetes Prevention Program found that intensive lifestyle intervention reduced diabetes risk more than metformin overall, while metformin was especially effective in younger and heavier adults and in women with a history of [[gestational diabetes]].{{cite web|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/professionals/clinical-tools-patient-management/diabetes/game-plan-preventing-type-2-diabetes/evidence-supporting-prevention|title=Evidence Supporting Prevention|publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|accessdate=June 24, 2026}}

==Mechanism of action==
Metformin has several metabolic effects.

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* Decreases [[hepatic glucose production]]
* Improves [[insulin sensitivity]]
* Reduces intestinal glucose absorption
* Improves glucose utilization in peripheral tissues
* May affect gut hormones
* May influence [[GLP-1]] signaling
* May modestly reduce appetite in some patients
* May improve lipid markers in selected patients
{{div col end}}

A major physiologic effect of metformin is lowering glucose production by the liver. It also acts on the gut and may alter glucose utilization, lactate production, bile acid metabolism, and gut microbiome-related pathways.{{cite journal|last1=Rena|first1=G.|last2=Hardie|first2=D. G.|last3=Pearson|first3=E. R.|title=The mechanisms of action of metformin|journal=Diabetologia|year=2017|volume=60|issue=9|pages=1577-1585|pmid=28776086|pmc=5552828}}

==Metformin and weight loss==
Metformin is not an FDA-approved obesity medication, but it may contribute to modest [[weight loss]] in some patients. Weight loss effects are generally smaller than those seen with FDA-approved [[anti-obesity medication]]s such as [[semaglutide]] or [[tirzepatide]], but metformin may be useful when insulin resistance, prediabetes, PCOS, or type 2 diabetes are present.

Potential mechanisms of metformin-associated weight loss include:

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* Reduced appetite in some patients
* Improved insulin sensitivity
* Lower insulin levels in some patients
* Reduced liver glucose output
* Mild gastrointestinal effects that reduce intake in some patients
* Improved metabolic flexibility
* Support of lifestyle-induced weight loss
{{div col end}}

Metformin should not be used as the only treatment for obesity. It works best as part of a comprehensive program including [[nutrition counseling]], [[physical activity]], [[sleep optimization]], and long-term follow-up.

==Lifestyle changes remain the foundation==
Although metformin can help insulin resistance, lifestyle change is still the foundation for reversing or slowing insulin resistance. In the Diabetes Prevention Program, lifestyle intervention focused on weight loss and physical activity reduced progression to type 2 diabetes more than metformin overall.{{cite web|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/professionals/clinical-tools-patient-management/diabetes/game-plan-preventing-type-2-diabetes/evidence-supporting-prevention|title=Evidence Supporting Prevention|publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|accessdate=June 24, 2026}}

Lifestyle tools include:

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* [[Low-carbohydrate diet]]
* [[Mediterranean diet]]
* [[High-protein diet]]
* [[Meal replacements]]
* [[Calorie restriction]]
* [[Portion control]]
* [[Food diary]]
* [[Physical activity]]
* [[Walking]]
* [[Resistance training]]
* [[Sleep hygiene]]
* [[Stress management]]
* [[Weight maintenance]]
{{div col end}}

==Low-carbohydrate diet and insulin resistance==
A [[low-carbohydrate diet]] may help insulin resistance by reducing the amount of glucose entering the bloodstream after meals and by lowering the need for high insulin secretion. This can be especially useful for patients with [[prediabetes]], [[type 2 diabetes]], [[metabolic syndrome]], [[fatty liver disease]], and [[abdominal obesity]].

Low-carbohydrate strategies may include:

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* Avoiding sugary drinks
* Reducing refined flour
* Reducing sweets
* Reducing white rice and large pasta portions
* Increasing [[protein]]
* Increasing [[non-starchy vegetables]]
* Using [[meal replacements]] when appropriate
* Choosing healthy fats in controlled portions
* Monitoring [[blood glucose]]
* Adjusting diabetes medications with medical supervision
{{div col end}}

==Weight loss and insulin resistance==
Losing excess fat, especially [[visceral fat]], can improve insulin sensitivity. Even modest weight loss may improve glucose control and metabolic risk. For some patients, larger weight loss may lead to remission of [[prediabetes]] or [[type 2 diabetes]], though ongoing monitoring remains necessary.

Weight loss improves insulin resistance by:

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* Reducing visceral fat
* Reducing liver fat
* Improving muscle glucose uptake
* Lowering inflammatory signals
* Improving sleep apnea
* Reducing insulin demand
* Improving blood pressure
* Improving triglycerides
* Supporting better glucose control
{{div col end}}

==Physical activity and insulin sensitivity==
[[Physical activity]] makes the body more sensitive to insulin and helps muscles use glucose. CDC notes that physical activity makes people more sensitive to insulin, which is important for diabetes management and health.{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/about/insulin-resistance-type-2-diabetes.html|title=About Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=June 24, 2026}}

Helpful activities include:

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* Walking
* Post-meal walking
* [[Resistance training]]
* [[Strength training]]
* Cycling
* Swimming
* Chair exercises
* Stretching
* Daily step goals
* Reduced sitting time
{{div col end}}

==Sleep apnea and insulin resistance==
[[Obstructive sleep apnea]] is strongly associated with [[obesity]], [[insulin resistance]], [[hypertension]], and [[type 2 diabetes]]. Poor sleep and repeated drops in oxygen during sleep can worsen stress hormones, appetite, glucose metabolism, and blood pressure.

Symptoms of possible sleep apnea include:

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* Loud [[snoring]]
* Pauses in breathing during sleep
* Gasping or choking at night
* Morning headaches
* Daytime sleepiness
* Fatigue
* High blood pressure
* Difficulty losing weight
* Poor concentration
{{div col end}}

W8MD’s sleep services can help identify and treat sleep apnea through [[sleep apnea screening]], [[home sleep test]]ing when appropriate, [[CPAP]], [[BiPAP]], and [[PAP therapy]] support.

==GLP-1 medications and insulin resistance==
Newer incretin-based therapies can help patients with [[obesity]], [[type 2 diabetes]], and insulin resistance lose weight and improve metabolic health. These medications may be especially useful when lifestyle change and metformin are not enough.

Relevant medications include:

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* [[Semaglutide]]
* [[Wegovy]]
* [[Ozempic]]
* [[Tirzepatide]]
* [[Zepbound]]
* [[Mounjaro]]
* [[Liraglutide]]
* [[Saxenda]]
* [[Dulaglutide]]
* [[Trulicity]]
{{div col end}}

The ADA Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 include updated guidance on obesity medications and metabolic benefits in diabetes care.{{cite web|url=https://diabetes.org/newsroom/press-releases/american-diabetes-association-releases-standards-care-diabetes-2026|title=American Diabetes Association Releases Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026|publisher=American Diabetes Association|accessdate=June 24, 2026}}{{cite journal|title=Obesity and Weight Management for the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026|journal=Diabetes Care|year=2026|volume=49|issue=Supplement 1|pages=S166-S182|pmc=12690172}}

==Metformin and polycystic ovary syndrome==
[[Polycystic ovary syndrome]] is commonly associated with [[insulin resistance]], weight gain, irregular periods, androgen excess, acne, unwanted hair growth, and infertility. Metformin may be used in selected patients with PCOS to improve insulin resistance and metabolic markers, often alongside weight loss and a low-glycemic or low-carbohydrate nutrition plan.

W8MD can help women with PCOS by addressing:

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* Insulin resistance
* Weight gain
* Abdominal obesity
* Prediabetes risk
* Nutrition planning
* Meal replacements
* Medical weight loss
* GLP-1 evaluation when appropriate
* Long-term weight maintenance
{{div col end}}

==Who may benefit from metformin?==
Metformin may be considered in patients with:

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* [[Type 2 diabetes]]
* [[Prediabetes]] in selected high-risk patients
* [[Insulin resistance]]
* [[Polycystic ovary syndrome]]
* [[Metabolic syndrome]]
* [[Fatty liver disease]] associated with insulin resistance
* Weight gain related to insulin resistance
* History of [[gestational diabetes]]
* Higher-risk obesity phenotype
{{div col end}}

Metformin should be prescribed and monitored by a qualified healthcare provider.

==Who should use caution with metformin?==
Metformin may not be appropriate or may require special monitoring in people with:

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* Advanced [[kidney disease]]
* Severe [[liver disease]]
* Heavy alcohol use
* History of [[lactic acidosis]]
* Unstable heart failure
* Severe dehydration
* Serious infection
* Need for iodinated contrast imaging
* Pregnancy or breastfeeding without medical review
* Complex medication regimens
{{div col end}}

==Side effects==
Common side effects of metformin include:

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* [[Diarrhea]]
* [[Nausea]]
* [[Bloating]]
* Abdominal discomfort
* Gas
* Indigestion
* Metallic taste
* Reduced appetite
* Headache
{{div col end}}

Less common but important concerns include:

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* [[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]
* Lactic acidosis in rare high-risk settings
* Worsening symptoms during dehydration or severe illness
* Gastrointestinal intolerance
{{div col end}}

Patients should tell their clinician about persistent side effects, symptoms of low blood sugar if taking other diabetes medications, or symptoms such as unusual weakness, severe fatigue, shortness of breath, dizziness, or severe abdominal symptoms.

==Metformin dosing and administration==
Metformin is available as immediate-release tablets, extended-release tablets, and oral liquid. It is usually taken with meals to reduce stomach side effects. Clinicians often start with a low dose and increase gradually every 1 to 2 weeks as tolerated.

Common forms include:

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* Immediate-release metformin
* Extended-release metformin
* Liquid metformin
* Combination diabetes medications containing metformin
{{div col end}}

Patients should follow the prescribing clinician’s directions and should not stop metformin without medical advice.

==Metformin brand names==
Metformin brand names include:

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* Glucophage
* Glucophage XR
* Fortamet
* Glumetza
* Riomet
{{div col end}}

Combination products that may contain metformin include:

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* Actoplus Met
* Avandamet
* Invokamet
* Janumet
* Jentadueto
* Kazano
* Kombiglyze XR
* Metaglip
* Prandimet
* Segluromet
* Synjardy
* Xigduo XR
{{div col end}}

==How W8MD can help reverse or slow insulin resistance==
[[W8MD Weight Loss, Sleep and MedSpa]] Centers can help patients address insulin resistance through a comprehensive, physician-supervised approach. Since insulin resistance is a major root cause of [[prediabetes]] and [[type 2 diabetes]], W8MD focuses on the upstream drivers: excess weight, abdominal fat, poor sleep, sleep apnea, sedentary lifestyle, refined carbohydrate intake, and weight regain.

W8MD may help with:

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* [[Medical weight loss]] evaluation
* [[Insulin resistance]] screening
* [[Prediabetes]] and [[type 2 diabetes]] risk assessment
* [[Body mass index]] assessment
* [[Waist circumference]] tracking
* [[Low-carbohydrate diet]] counseling
* [[Meal replacement]] programs
* [[Protein]] and portion guidance
* [[Metformin]] evaluation when appropriate
* [[GLP-1 weight loss]] evaluation
* [[Semaglutide]] options when appropriate
* [[Tirzepatide]] options when appropriate
* Traditional [[anti-obesity medication]] options
* [[Physical activity]] and walking goals
* [[Resistance training]] guidance
* [[Sleep apnea]] screening
* [[Home sleep test]]ing when appropriate
* [[CPAP]] and [[PAP therapy]] support
* Long-term [[weight maintenance]]
{{div col end}}

==W8MD’s metabolic approach==
The W8MD approach recognizes that insulin resistance is usually not caused by one factor. A patient may need a combination of nutrition, medication, activity, sleep care, and follow-up.

A typical insulin-resistance improvement plan may include:

{| class="wikitable"
! Treatment area
! Goal
! W8MD tools
|-
| Nutrition
| Reduce glucose and insulin spikes
| [[Low-carbohydrate diet]], [[meal replacements]], protein-first meals, portion control
|-
| Weight loss
| Reduce visceral fat and improve insulin sensitivity
| Physician-supervised [[medical weight loss]], GLP-1 options, metformin when appropriate
|-
| Physical activity
| Improve muscle glucose uptake
| Walking goals, post-meal walking, resistance training guidance
|-
| Sleep
| Reduce metabolic stress and improve energy
| Sleep apnea screening, home sleep testing, CPAP/PAP support
|-
| Medication
| Improve glucose metabolism and appetite control
| Metformin, GLP-1 medications, other anti-obesity medications when appropriate
|-
| Maintenance
| Prevent weight regain and diabetes progression
| Follow-up visits, weight tracking, maintenance medication strategy, relapse prevention
|}

==Why weight maintenance matters==
Insulin resistance can return if weight is regained, physical activity stops, sleep apnea is untreated, or high-carbohydrate eating patterns resume. W8MD emphasizes long-term weight maintenance rather than short-term dieting.

Maintenance tools include:

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* Regular follow-up visits
* Weight monitoring
* Waist tracking
* Meal replacement backup plan
* Protein goals
* Low-carb structure
* Strength training
* Sleep apnea treatment adherence
* Medication continuation or adjustment
* Relapse prevention
* Restart plan after weight regain
{{div col end}}

==Frequently asked questions==
===Is insulin resistance the root cause of diabetes?===
Insulin resistance is a major root cause of [[prediabetes]] and [[type 2 diabetes]], especially when associated with [[obesity]], [[abdominal obesity]], [[fatty liver disease]], and [[metabolic syndrome]]. It is not the root cause of [[type 1 diabetes]], which is an autoimmune condition.

===Can metformin reverse insulin resistance?===
Metformin can improve insulin sensitivity and lower blood glucose, especially when combined with weight loss, low-carbohydrate nutrition, and physical activity. In many patients, the strongest improvements occur when metformin is part of a comprehensive lifestyle and medical weight loss program.

===Can insulin resistance be reversed without medication?===
Yes, some people can significantly improve insulin resistance with weight loss, exercise, reduced refined carbohydrate intake, sleep improvement, and stress reduction. Others may need medication support.

===Is metformin a weight loss drug?===
Metformin is not primarily a weight loss medication, but it may help some people lose modest weight, especially those with insulin resistance, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, or PCOS.

===Can W8MD prescribe metformin?===
W8MD clinicians can evaluate whether metformin is medically appropriate for patients with insulin resistance, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, PCOS, metabolic syndrome, or related weight concerns.

===Are GLP-1 medications better than metformin for weight loss?===
GLP-1 and related medications such as semaglutide and tirzepatide generally produce greater weight loss than metformin in eligible patients, but medication choice depends on diagnosis, medical history, insurance coverage, risks, side effects, and goals.

===Can sleep apnea worsen insulin resistance?===
Yes. Untreated sleep apnea can worsen insulin resistance, fatigue, blood pressure, appetite, and weight loss difficulty. Treating sleep apnea may support metabolic health.

==When to call a doctor==
Patients should seek medical attention for:

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* Very high blood glucose
* Severe low blood glucose
* Confusion
* Fainting
* Chest pain
* Shortness of breath
* Severe dehydration
* Persistent vomiting
* Severe weakness
* Symptoms of lactic acidosis
* Rapid unexplained weight loss
* Signs of infection
* New or worsening sleep apnea symptoms
{{div col end}}

==See also==
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* [[Metformin]]
* [[Biguanide]]
* [[Insulin resistance]]
* [[Prediabetes]]
* [[Type 2 diabetes]]
* [[Metabolic syndrome]]
* [[Polycystic ovary syndrome]]
* [[Fatty liver disease]]
* [[Obesity]]
* [[Overweight]]
* [[Abdominal obesity]]
* [[Medical weight loss]]
* [[Low-carbohydrate diet]]
* [[Meal replacements]]
* [[GLP-1 receptor agonist]]
* [[Semaglutide]]
* [[Tirzepatide]]
* [[Wegovy]]
* [[Zepbound]]
* [[Ozempic]]
* [[Mounjaro]]
* [[Sleep apnea]]
* [[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
* [[CPAP]]
* [[W8MD Weight Loss, Sleep and MedSpa]]
{{div col end}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/prediabetes-insulin-resistance|title=Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes|publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|accessdate=June 24, 2026}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/about/insulin-resistance-type-2-diabetes.html|title=About Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|accessdate=June 24, 2026}}
* {{cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a696005.html|title=Metformin|publisher=MedlinePlus|accessdate=June 24, 2026}}
* {{cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000989.htm|title=Type 2 diabetes - oral medicines|publisher=MedlinePlus|accessdate=June 24, 2026}}
* {{cite web|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/professionals/clinical-tools-patient-management/diabetes/game-plan-preventing-type-2-diabetes/evidence-supporting-prevention|title=Evidence Supporting Prevention|publisher=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases|accessdate=June 24, 2026}}
* {{cite web|url=https://diabetes.org/newsroom/press-releases/american-diabetes-association-releases-standards-care-diabetes-2026|title=American Diabetes Association Releases Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026|publisher=American Diabetes Association|accessdate=June 24, 2026}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Rena|first1=G.|last2=Hardie|first2=D. G.|last3=Pearson|first3=E. R.|title=The mechanisms of action of metformin|journal=Diabetologia|year=2017|volume=60|issue=9|pages=1577-1585|pmid=28776086|pmc=5552828}}
* {{cite journal|title=Obesity and Weight Management for the Prevention and Treatment of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026|journal=Diabetes Care|year=2026|volume=49|issue=Supplement 1|pages=S166-S182|pmc=12690172}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Crandall|first1=J. P.|title=The Diabetes Prevention Program and Its Outcomes Study|journal=Diabetes Care|year=2025|pmc=12178622}}

==External links==
* [https://www.w8md.com W8MD Weight Loss, Sleep and MedSpa]
* [https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/what-is-diabetes/prediabetes-insulin-resistance NIDDK - Insulin Resistance and Prediabetes]
* [https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/about/insulin-resistance-type-2-diabetes.html CDC - Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes]
* [https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a696005.html MedlinePlus - Metformin]
* [https://medlineplus.gov/ency/patientinstructions/000989.htm MedlinePlus - Type 2 Diabetes Oral Medicines]

{{Medical weight loss}}
{{GLP-1}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Metformin Insulin Resistance And Weight Loss}}
[[Category:Metformin]]
[[Category:Biguanides]]
[[Category:Insulin resistance]]
[[Category:Type 2 diabetes]]
[[Category:Prediabetes]]
[[Category:Medical weight loss]]
[[Category:W8MD]]
[[Category:Obesity]]
[[Category:Metabolic syndrome]]
[[Category:Polycystic ovary syndrome]]
[[Category:Fatty liver disease]]
[[Category:Low-carbohydrate diet]]
[[Category:Meal replacements]]
[[Category:GLP-1 receptor agonists]]
[[Category:Semaglutide]]
[[Category:Tirzepatide]]
[[Category:Sleep apnea]]
[[Category:Patient education]]