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* [[Adverse reaction]] - an undesirable or harmful reaction to a treatment.
 
* [[Amino acids]] amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. The body produces many amino acids and others come from food. The body absorbs amino acids through the small intestine into the blood. Then the blood carries them throughout the body.
* [[26-deoxyactein]] A component of black cohosh. It belongs to the family of chemical compounds called triterpene glycosides.
* [[Antagonist H2 receptor]] - a medication that decreases the amount of stomach acid produced. It is employed in the treatment of stomach ulcer (peptic ulcer) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
* [[ACE inhibitor]] - An inhibitor of the angiotensin-converting enzyme. A medication used to treat hypertension, stroke, heart attack, diabetes, and kidney issues.
* [[Blood glucose]] glucose — also called blood sugar — is the main sugar found in the blood and the main source of energy for your body.
* [[ACE inhibitor]] Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. A medicine used to treat high blood pressure, stroke, heart attack, diabetes, and kidney problems
* [[Calories]] a unit of energy in food. Carbohydrates, fats, protein, and alcohol in the foods and drinks we eat provide food energy or "Calories."
* [[AMRM]] The Dietary Supplements Analytical Materials/Reference Materials Program of the Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health.
* [[Dehydration]] dehydration is a condition that happens when you do not take in enough liquids to replace those that you lose. You can lose liquids through frequent urinating, sweating, diarrhea, or vomiting. When you are dehydrated, your body does not have enough fluid and electrolytes to work properly.
* [[Abetalipoproteinemia]] - The inability of the intestine to absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins from food.
* [[Enzymes]] enzymes are substances that speed up chemical reactions in the body.
* [[Absorption]] - The movement of protein, carbohydrates, fats, and other nutrients from the digestive tract into the bloodstream.
* [[Fatty acid]] fatty acid is a major component of fats that is used by the body for energy and tissue development.
* [[Acid Reflux]] - A condition in which stomach acid leaks backwards into the esophagus, causing heartburn.
* [[Fiber]] fiber is a substance in plants. Dietary fiber is the kind you eat. It's a type of carbohydrate. You may also see it listed on a food label as soluble fiber or insoluble fiber. Both types have important health benefits. Fiber makes you feel full faster, and stay full for a longer time. That can help you control your weight. It helps digestion and helps prevent constipation.
* [[Acne]] - A sometimes severe skin condition characterized by whiteheads, blackheads, and zits.
* [[HDL]] hdl stands for high-density lipoproteins. It is also known as “good” cholesterol. Hdl is one of the two types of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol throughout your body. It carries the cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver. Your liver removes the cholesterol from your body.
* [[Actein]] - A black cohosh constituent belonging to the triterpene glycosides family of chemical compounds.
* [[LDL]] LDL stands for low-density lipoproteins. It is also known as “bad” cholesterol. Ldl is one of the two types of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol throughout your body. A high ldl level leads to a buildup of cholesterol in your arteries.
* [[Acute]] - Sudden, severe, and transient.
* [[Monounsaturated fat]] monounsaturated fat is a type of fat is found in avocados, canola oil, nuts, olives and olive oil, and seeds. Eating food that has more monounsaturated fat (or "Healthy fat") instead of saturated fat (like butter) may help lower cholesterol and reduce heart disease risk. However, monounsaturated fat has the same number of calories as other types of fat and may contribute to weight gain if you eat too much of it.
* [[Adenoma]] - A benign (non-cancerous) tumor.
* [[Polyunsaturated fat]] polyunsaturated fat is a type of fat that is liquid at room temperature. There are two types of polyunsaturated fatty acids (pufas): omega-6 and omega-3. Omega-6 fatty acids are found in liquid vegetable oils, such as corn oil, safflower oil, and soybean oil. Omega-3 fatty acids come from plant sources—including canola oil, flaxseed, soybean oil, and walnuts—and from fish and shellfish.
* [[Administration]] - The act of giving a medication or dietary supplement to a patient.
* [[Saturated fat]] saturated fat is a type of fat that is solid at room temperature. Saturated fat is found in full-fat dairy products (like butter, cheese, cream, regular ice cream, and whole milk), coconut oil, lard, palm oil, ready-to-eat meats, and the skin and fat of chicken and turkey, among other foods. Saturated fats have the same number of calories as other types of fat, and may contribute to weight gain if eaten in excess. Eating a diet high in saturated fat also raises blood cholesterol and risk of heart disease.
* [[Adverse Effect]] - A negative side effect.
* [[Sodium]] table salt is made up of the elements sodium and chlorine - the technical name for salt is sodium chloride. Your body needs some sodium to work properly. It helps with the function of nerves and muscles. It also helps to keep the right balance of fluids in your body.
* [[Adverse Reaction]] - An undesirable or harmful reaction to a treatment.
* [[Sugar]] sugars are a type of simple carbohydrate. They have a sweet taste. Sugars can be found naturally in fruits, vegetables, milk, and milk products. They are also added to many foods and drinks during preparation or processing. Types of sugar include glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Your digestive system breaks down sugar into glucose. Your cells use the glucose for energy.
* [[Age-related Macular Degeneration]] (AMD) - A disease of the eye that causes the loss of central vision.
* [[Total fat]] fat is a type of nutrient. You need a certain amount of fat in your diet to stay healthy, but not too much. Fats give you energy and help your body absorb vitamins. Dietary fat also plays a major role in your cholesterol levels. Not all fats are the same. You should try to avoid saturated fats and trans fats.
* [[Agent]] - In medicine, a drug, dietary supplement, or substance used for diagnosing, screening, preventing, or treating disease.
* [[Trans fat]] trans fat is a type of fat that is created when liquid oils are changed into solid fats, like shortening and some margarines. It makes them last longer without going bad. It may also be found in crackers, cookies, and snack foods. Trans fat raises your ldl (bad) cholesterol and lowers your hdl (good) cholesterol.
* [[Alpha-carotene]] - A pigment found in fruits and vegetables that the body can convert into vitamin A.
* [[Triglycerides]] triglycerides are a type of fat found in your blood. Too much of this type of fat may raise the risk of coronary artery heart disease, especially in women.
* [[Alpha-tocopherol Equivalent]] - A unit of measurement used to compare the effects of various forms of vitamin E to alpha-tocopherol.
* [[Water intake]] we all need to drink water. How much you need depends on your size, activity level, and the weather where you live. Keeping track of your water intake helps make sure that you get enough. Your intake includes fluids that you drink, and fluids you get from food.
* [[Alpha-tocopherol Transfer Protein]] (ATTP) - A substance produced in the liver that binds to and transports vitamin E.
* [[American Academy of Pediatrics]] AAP. An organization of pediatricians (medical doctors who specialize in the development, care, and diseases of children) that works to improve the health and well-being of infants, children, adolescents, and young adults.
* [[American Cancer Society]] A nationwide, community-based organization involved in cancer research, education, patient services, advocacy, and rehabilitation.
* [[American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists]] A national medical society for obstetricians (doctors who specialize in pregnancy and the delivery of babies) and gynecologists (doctors who specialize in treating diseases of the female reproductive organs).
* [[Antagonist H2 receptor]] - A medication that decreases the amount of stomach acid produced. It is employed in the treatment of stomach ulcer (peptic ulcer) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
* [[B vitamin]] A nutrient that is important for cell function. The B vitamins are biotin, folate, niacin, pantothenic acid, riboflavin (vitamin B2), thiamin, vitamin B6, and vitamin B12. The B vitamins make up the vitamin B complex.
* [[Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition]] CFSAN, US Food and Drug Administration, Department of Health and Human Services. CFSAN is responsible for developing policy and regulations for dietary supplements.
* [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] CDC. An organization within the federal government responsible for prevention and control of infectious disease and other health threats. It is part of the US Department of Health and Human Services.
* [[Federal Trade Commission]] FTC. A federal agency that protects consumers by preventing deceptive and unfair business practices. This includes unfair or deceptive advertising and marketing practices.
* [[Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory]] FCMDL, US Department of Agriculture. The mission of FCMDL is to develop innovative measurement systems for the determination of food components that influence human health.
* [[H2 receptor antagonist]] A medication that reduces the amount of acid made by the stomach. It is used to treat conditions such as stomach ulcer (peptic ulcer) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
* [[HDL cholesterol]] Good cholesterol. HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol is a type of protein that carries excess cholesterol from the arteries to the liver to be removed from the body.
* [[High-density lipoprotein cholesterol]] - Positive cholesterol. HDL cholesterol (high-density lipoprotein) is a type of protein that transports excess cholesterol from the arteries to the liver for elimination.
* [[IQ]] - Intelligence quotient. The result of a standardized intelligence test.
* [[IQ]] Intelligence quotient. A person’s score on a standardized intelligence test.
* [[IU]] International Unit. A measurement used to measure the activity of some vitamins and other biological substances (such as enzymes and hormones).
* [[Institute of Medicine]] - IOM. Private, non-governmental organization that publishes reports on biomedical science, medicine, and health at the request of government agencies, private industry, and foundations.
* [[Institute of Medicine]] IOM. A private nongovernmental organization that issues reports on biomedical science, medicine, and health as requested by government agencies, private industry, and foundations.
* [[International Unit]] - A unit used to measure the activity of certain vitamins and other biological substances (including enzymes and hormones).
* [[International Unit]] IU. A measurement used to measure the activity of some vitamins and other biological substances (such as enzymes and hormones).
* [[LDL cholesterol]] Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. A type of protein that carries cholesterol to many tissues throughout the body. High levels of LDL cholesterol increase the risk of coronary heart disease. Also called bad cholesterol.
* [[National Formulary of the United States Pharmacopeia]] NF is a book of public pharmacopeial standards. It contains standards for medicines, dosage forms, drug substances, excipients, medical devices, and dietary supplements.
* [[National Nutrient Database of the USDA]] - A searchable database containing the nutrient content of over 7,000 American foods.
* [[Nurses' Health Study]] An ongoing long-term study of diet, nutrition, and risk factors for major chronic disease in a large number of women in the United States.
* [[Nutrient Data Laboratory]] NDL, US Department of Agriculture. NDL develops authoritative food composition databases and state-of-the-art methods to acquire, evaluate, compile and disseminate composition data on foods available in the United States.
* [[Retinol Activity Equivalent]] RAE. A measure of the content and activity of vitamin A in foods.
* [[SPF]] Sun protection factor. A scale for rating the level of sunburn protection in sunscreen products. The higher the SPF, the more sunburn protection it gives.
* [[Sun protection factor]] (SPF) - A rating system for the sunburn protection of sunscreen products. The higher the SPF, the greater the sunburn protection.
* [[UNICEF]] - A United Nations organization that provides food, clothing, medical care, and assistance to women and children.
* [[UNICEF]] An organization of the United Nations that provides food, clothing, health care, and support to women and children.
* [[USDA National Nutrient Database]] A searchable database of the nutrient content of more than 7,000 foods in the United States. The database can be accessed online at: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/.
* [[Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome]] A brain disorder caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, usually as a result of alcohol abuse. Symptoms include confusion, vision problems, lack of muscle control, memory loss, tremors, hallucinations, and coma.
* [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) - An organization of the United Nations concerned with global health.
* [[World Health Organization]] WHO. An agency of the United Nations that is concerned with worldwide health.
* [[abetalipoproteinemia]] A rare inherited disease in which the intestine cannot absorb fats and fat-soluble vitamins from food. It is associated with fatty stools, diarrhea, nerve problems, and eye disease.
* [[absorption]] In nutrition, the process of moving protein, carbohydrates, fats, and other nutrients from the digestive system into the bloodstream. Most absorption occurs in the small intestine.
* [[acid reflux]] A condition in which stomach acid leaks backwards into the esophagus (the muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach), causing heartburn and irritating the lining of the esophagus.
* [[acne]] A sometimes severe skin condition that commonly occurs on the face, neck, back, and chest and includes whiteheads, blackheads, and pimples. Severe acne may be painful and can leave permanent deep scars.
* [[actein]] A component of black cohosh. It belongs to the family of chemical compounds called triterpene glycosides.
* [[acute]] Sudden, severe, and not long lasting.
* [[adenoma]] A type of tumor that is benign (not cancer).
* [[administration]] The process of giving a person a medicine or dietary supplement by mouth, by vein, on the skin, or by another route. For example, a 14-day administration of valerian extract.
* [[adulterate]] To make unsafe or impure by using contaminated or unneeded ingredients; using a strength or quality that is less than claimed; leaving out or substituting key ingredients; or using inferior manufacturing, processing, packaging, or storage procedures.
* [[adverse effect]] An unwanted side effect.
* [[adverse response]] An unwanted or harmful reaction to treatment.
* [[age-related macular degeneration]] AMD. An eye disease that results in a loss of central, "straight-ahead" vision. AMD is the leading cause of vision loss in older Americans.
* [[agent]] In medicine, a drug, dietary supplement, other substance, or procedure that is used in diagnosing, screening, preventing, or treating a disease.
* [[alcoholic]] A person who is not able to stop drinking once he or she has begun, needs to drink larger amounts of alcohol to get high, and suffers withdrawal symptoms (such as nausea, sweating, shakiness, and anxiety) after stopping drinking.
* [[alpha-carotene]] A substance found in colorful fruits and vegetables such as pumpkin, carrots, winter squash, and tangerines. It is a carotenoid that can be made into vitamin A by the body.
* [[alpha-tocopherol equivalent]] A unit of measure used to compare the effects of different forms of vitamin E with the effects of alpha-tocopherol, the most active form of vitamin E.
* [[alpha-tocopherol transfer protein]] A substance made in the liver that attaches to vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol), carries vitamin E to the body's tissues, and helps vitamin E stay at a normal level in the body.
* [[alpha-tocopherol]] The form of vitamin E that is found in the largest amount in humans and is the most active form of vitamin E. It is an antioxidant.
* [[alternative medicine]] A group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are used in place of conventional medicine.
* [[amino acid]] A chemical building block of protein.
* [[angiotensin receptor blocker]] A medication that relaxes and opens up blood vessels. This lowers blood pressure so the heart doesn’t have to work as hard to pump blood.
* [[animal study]] A laboratory test using animals to study the development and course of human diseases, and to test the safety and effectiveness of new treatments before they are given to humans.
* [[anorexia]] Not feeling hungry or wanting to eat food to an unusual extent.
* [[anthocyanins]] A group of pigments that naturally occur in some plants and produce the pink, red, and violet colors of fruits, leaves, and flowers. Berries, cherries, red wine, eggplant, red cabbage, and red and purple grapes are sources of anthocyanins.
* [[antibiotic]] A drug used to treat infections caused by bacteria and other microorganisms.
* [[anticoagulant]] A drug or other substance that stops blood clots from forming. Also called a blood thinner.
* [[anticonvulsant]] A drug that prevents, reduces, or stops convulsions or seizures.
* [[antiestrogen]] A substance that blocks the effects of estrogens (a family of hormones that helps develop and maintain female sex characteristics and the growth of long bones).
* [[antioxidant]] is a molecule capable of inhibiting the oxidation of other molecules. Antioxidants play a crucial role in protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals and oxidative stress, which are thought to contribute to the development of various diseases, including cancer and heart disease.
* [[antipsychotic]] is a medication used to treat symptoms of mental illness, such as delusions, hallucinations, and aggression. Antipsychotics are often used to treat conditions like schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression.
* [[antiviral]] refers to a drug or other substance that is used to treat viral infections. Antivirals are designed to interfere with the replication of viruses, making it difficult for them to reproduce and spread.
* [[apathy]] Having no emotion, interests, or concerns.
* [[aphasia]] is a language disorder that results from damage to the brain, typically due to a stroke or brain injury. A person with aphasia may have difficulty speaking, writing, or understanding language.
* [[apnea]] is a sleep disorder characterized by temporary pauses in breathing during sleep. These pauses can last from a few seconds to several minutes and can occur many times during the night.
* [[aqueous]] Having to do with water.
* [[asthma]] is a chronic condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways, making it difficult to breathe. Symptoms of asthma include wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.
* [[ataxia]] Loss of muscle coordination.
* [[ataxia]] is a group of neurological conditions that cause difficulty with coordination and balance. People with ataxia may have trouble walking, speaking, and performing other activities that require motor control.
* [[atrophic gastritis]] A long-lasting (chronic) condition in which the linining of the stomach is inflamed. Gradually the lining wastes away, destroying the glands that make stomach acid.
* [[atrophy]] A weakening, decrease in size, or wasting away of a tissue, organ, or part of the body. For example, the muscles of a leg that has been in a cast for some time will atrophy because they are not being used, causing them to become smaller and weaker.
* [[atrophy]] is a reduction in size or wasting away of a body part or tissue. This can occur as a result of disuse, disease, or injury.
* [[attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] ADHD. A common mental disorder that usually develops before age 7 and may continue into adulthood. Symptoms include inattention, excessive impulsiveness, and/or inability to remain still and quiet.
* [[autism]] is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication, social interaction, and behavior. People with autism may have difficulty with social cues, repetitive behaviors, and other symptoms that can impact their daily life.
* [[autoimmune disease]] A condition in which the body recognizes its own tissues as foreign and directs an immune response against them.
* [[avitaminosis]] refers to a deficiency of vitamins in the body. This can occur as a result of poor nutrition, an inability to absorb vitamins, or an increased need for vitamins due to certain medical conditions.
* [[bacteria]] Single-celled organisms that are too small to be seen without a microscope. Bacteria are found everywhere and may be helpful or harmful.
* [[barbiturate]] A category of drug used to treat seizure disorders, insomnia, and anxiety and to calm patients before surgery. It belongs to the family of drugs called central nervous system depressants.
* [[benzodiazepine]] A category of drug used to treat seizure disorders, insomnia, anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and muscle spasms, and to calm patients before surgery. It belongs to the family of drugs called central nervous system depressants.
* [[beta-carotene]] A carotenoid found in carrots, cantaloupe, apricots, sweet potatoes, pumpkin, winter squash, mangos, collard greens, spinach, kale, broccoli, and other orange, red, and dark green fruits and vegetables.
* [[beta-cryptoxanthin]] A substance found in citrus fruit, peaches, and apricots. It is an antioxidant. Beta-cryptoxanthin is one of a group of carotenoids that can be made into vitamin A in the body.
* [[bias]] In a clinical trial, the result of a flaw in the study design or method of collecting or interpreting the study information that can lead to incorrect conclusions.
* [[bile acid sequestrant]] A type of medication that is used to treat high cholesterol.
* [[binder]] An inactive ingredient (one that has no medicinal effect on the body, such as starch, salt, or sugar) used to hold together the contents of a pill or tablet.
* [[bioavailability]] The amount of a nutrient that reaches the body's tissues after it is eaten.
* [[biologic product]] A substance made from biological (living) sources and used to prevent, treat, or cure disease or injury. Examples include antibodies, vaccines, and blood products.
* [[biological activity]] An effect on life processes. For example, the biological activity of a vitamin means the effect it has on specific life processes in the body.
* [[biopsy]] is a medical procedure in which a small sample of tissue is removed from the body for examination under a microscope. A biopsy can be used to diagnose various medical conditions, including cancer.
* [[bipolar disorder]] is a mental illness characterized by periods of elevated mood (mania) and depression. People with bipolar disorder can experience extreme mood swings, which can have a significant impact on their daily life and relationships.
* [[bladder cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the bladder (the organ that stores urine).
* [[blood sugar]] The main source of energy used by the body's cells. Blood sugar comes from food and is made by the liver, and is carried to the cells through the bloodstream. Also called blood glucose.
* [[blood vessel]] A tube through which blood circulates in the body. Blood vessels include a network of arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins.
* [[blood-brain barrier]] A network of specialized cells that prevents certain substances, including many toxins and potentially harmful substances, from leaving the blood vessels and entering the brain.
* [[blue cohosh]] A plant that has been used to treat menstrual disorders and to start labor. It may be unsafe and should not be confused with black cohosh. Latin name: Caullophylum thalictroides.
* [[body stores]] The amount of a nutrient that stays in the body after eating and is available for future use. The size and location of this extra supply differs depending on the nutrient. For example, iron is stored in the liver.
* [[bone density]] A measurement of bone mass and an indicator of bone strength and health. Also called bone mineral density.
* [[bone marrow]] The soft, sponge-like tissue in the center of most bones. It produces white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
* [[botanical]] Having to do with plants or plant parts, or dietary supplement products made from plants.
* [[botanist]] A scientist who studies the biology of plants.
* [[breast cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the breast.
* [[caffeic acid]] A component of black cohosh.
* [[calcium carbonate]] A chemical compound naturally found in chalk, some seashells and other substances. Calcium carbonate is used in antacid drugs to treat indigestion and as a source of calcium to supplement the diet.
* [[cancer survivor]] A person with cancer, from the time he or she is diagnosed through the balance of his or her life.
* [[capsule]] A gelatin shell containing a dose of medicine, a vitamin, or other dietary supplement.
* [[carcinogen]] A substance that causes cancer.
* [[cardiac arrest]] A condition in which the heart suddenly stops beating.
* [[cardiac]] Having to do with the heart.
* [[cardiovascular disease]] CVD. A general term referring to disorders of the heart and blood vessels. CVD includes coronary artery disease, heart failure, atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, peripheral artery disease, and stroke.
* [[cardiovascular event]] A heart attack, stroke, or other occurrence that damages the heart or blood vessels.
* [[cardiovascular system]] The heart, blood, and blood vessels.
* [[case report]] A detailed record of the diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. Case reports also contain some information about the patient (such as age, gender, and ethnic origin).
* [[cell division]] The method by which a single cell divides to create two cells. This is a continuous process that allows a population of cells to increase in number or remain the same in number.
* [[cell line]] Cells of a single type that have been adapted to grow and divide in the laboratory and are used in research.
* [[cell membrane]] An envelope that contains the contents of a cell and controls what passes into and out of the cell.
* [[cell]] The individual unit that makes up the tissues of the body. All living things are made up of one or more cells, which are the smallest units of living structure capable of independent existence.
* [[central nervous system depressant]] A medication that changes brain function and causes drowsiness. It may be used in anesthesia. Also called CNS depressant.
* [[central nervous system disorder]] A disease or condition that affects the brain, the spinal cord, and the ability to think, move, see, hear, taste, smell, or touch.
* [[chemoprevention]] The use of drugs, vitamins, or other substances to try to reduce the risk of, or delay the development or recurrence of, cancer.
* [[chemotherapy]] A chemical that kills bacteria, viruses, fungi, or tumor cells. It usually refers to drugs used in cancer treatment.
* [[chronic disease]] A condition that is continuous or recurrent, is not easily cured, and cannot be passed from person to person. Examples of chronic diseases include heart disease, diabetes, and asthma.
* [[chronic]] Happening for a long time, persistently, or repeatedly.
* [[cimicifugin]] A resin (a component of some plants) found in black cohosh.
* [[cimicifugoside]] A component of black cohosh. It belongs to the family of chemical compounds called triterpene glycosides.
* [[cirrhosis]] A condition in which damaged liver cells are replaced with scar tissue, making it progressively more difficult for the liver to function properly.
* [[clarity]] Clearness.
* [[cobalt]] An organic substance found in the earth and needed in very small amounts. It is also a necessary component of vitamin B12. A cobalt deficiency leads to anemia; too much cobalt can lead to a greater than normal number of red blood cells.
* [[cognition]] The intellectual and mental ability to be aware, think, learn, imagine, remember, reason, have perceptions, and make judgments.
* [[cognitive function]] Mental awareness and judgment.
* [[cognitive skills]] Mental and intellectual capabilities such as language, reading, math, reasoning, and critical thinking.
* [[collagen]] A strong, flexible protein found in cartilage, tendons, bone, skin, and other connective tissue.
* [[colon cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the large intestine (the tube-like organ connected to the small intestine at one end and the anus at the other).
* [[colorectal cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the colon (the longest part of the large intestine) and/or the rectum (the last several inches of the large intestine before the anus).
* [[columnar cell]] A type of cell that lines the internal and external surfaces of the body.
* [[commercial preparation]] A product such as a drug or dietary supplement made in large quantities to be sold.
* [[common cold]] A nose and throat infection caused by a virus. Symptoms include runny nose, sneezing, congestion, sore throat, and cough.
* [[complaint]] In medicine, a disorder, disease, or symptom.
* [[complementary and alternative medicine]] A group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine.
* [[complementary medicine]] A group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are used together with conventional medicine.
* [[complication]] In medicine, an illness or condition that occurs while a patient has a disease. The complication is not a part of the disease, but may be a result of the disease or may be unrelated.
* [[compound]] In pharmacy, a substance that contains more than one ingredient.
* [[conception]] In biology, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm that begins a pregnancy.
* [[congenital]] A mental or physical condition that a baby is born with. It may be hereditary (passed from parent to child through information in the genes), or it may occur while the fetus is developing in the womb, or it may be a combination of both.
* [[connective tissue]] Cells that work together to protect and support the body’s muscles, joints, organs, skin, and other tissues. Examples of connective tissue include cartilage, fat, blood, and bone.
* [[consensus]] A general agreement.
* [[constipation]] A condition in which stool becomes hard, dry, and difficult to pass and bowel movements happen infrequently. Other symptoms may include painful bowel movements and feeling bloated, uncomfortable, and sluggish.
* [[constituent]] A component, part, or ingredient of a larger whole. For example, valerenic acid and valepotriate are constituents of the dietary supplement valerian.
* [[consume]] To eat or drink.
* [[control group]] In a research study or clinical trial, the group that does not receive the new treatment being studied. This group is compared with the group that receives the new treatment, to see whether the new treatment works.
* [[conventional drug]] A currently accepted and widely used medicine for a certain type of disease, based on the results of past clinical research.
* [[conventional food]] Edible substances, excluding organic food, genetically modified food, functional food, and dietary supplements.
* [[cornea]] The clear dome-shaped surface covering the front of the eye.
* [[cornification]] The changing of cells that line the internal and external surfaces of the body into an outer layer of flat cells that look like fish scales under a microscope). Also called keritinization.
* [[coronary artery]] A blood vessel that supplies blood and oxygen to the heart.
* [[cruciferous vegetable]] A type of vegetable including arugula, bok choy, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, collards, kale, kohlrabi, mustard greens, radishes, rutabaga, turnips and watercress.
* [[cure]] To heal or restore health; a treatment to restore health.
* [[cytology]] The study of cells using a microscope (a device that uses a combination of lenses to make enlarged images of tiny objects).
* [[cytotoxic]] Cell-killing.
* [[dairy food]] Milk and products made with milk, such as buttermilk, yogurt, cheese, cottage cheese, and ice cream.
* [[data]] Facts and information.
* [[day 0]] Sometimes used to indicate the first day of treatment.
* [[deciliter]] dL. A unit of volume in the metric system equal to one-tenth of a liter (about two-tenths of a pint).
* [[decoction]] A substance made by simmering some types of roots, bark, and berries in water to extract their desired ingredients. It is simmered for a longer time than that needed to make tea and may be drunk hot or cold.
* [[deficiency]] An amount that is not enough; a shortage.
* [[degeneration]] A condition in which tissues in the body lose their ability to function properly.
* [[delayed development]] Failure of a child to reach physical or behavioral milestones (such as rolling over, crawling, walking, and talking) at expected ages.
* [[dementia]] Damaged brain function (thinking, learning, making decisions, remembering) that worsens over time. It disrupts activities of daily living such as bathing, dressing, and walking.
* [[deoxyribonucleic acid]] DNA. The molecules inside cells that carry genetic information and pass it from one generation to the next.
* [[derivative]] In chemistry, a compound made from or related to another compound.
* [[diabetes]] A disease in which blood sugar (glucose) levels are high because the body is unable to use glucose properly. Diabetes occurs when the body does not make enough insulin, which helps the cells use glucose, or when the body no longer responds to insulin.
* [[diagnose]] The process of using signs and symptoms to identify a disease.
* [[dialysis]] The process of filtering the blood when the kidneys are not able to cleanse it.
* [[diarrhea]] Loose, watery stools.
* [[diarrheal infection]] A disease in which viruses, bacteria, or parasites invade the body and multiply, causing abdominal pain, cramping, and frequent watery bowel movements.
* [[diazepam]] A drug that is used as a sedative and muscle relaxant, and to treat anxiety and epileptic seizures.
* [[digestion]] The process the body uses to break down food into simple substances for energy, growth, and cell repair.
* [[digestive tract]] The large, muscular tube that extends from the mouth to the anus, in which hormones, enzymes, and the movement of muscles work together to digest food. Also called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
* [[disability]] A physical or mental impairment that significantly limits a person's ability to walk, see, hear, speak, breathe, learn, work, or take care of oneself.
* [[disease progression]] The way a medical condition develops over time.
* [[disorder]] In medicine, a disturbance of normal functioning of the mind or body. Disorders may be caused by genetic factors, disease, or trauma.
* [[disorientation]] A mental state marked by confusion about time, place, or who one is.
* [[distal ileum]] The end of the small intestine that attaches to the large intestine.
* [[distress]] Mental or physical pain or suffering.
* [[diuretic]] A drug or other substance that increases the amount of urine made by the body.
* [[dose]] The amount of medicine or other substance taken at one time or over a specific period of time.
* [[double-blind]] Describes a clinical trial in which neither the researcher nor the patient knows which of several possible therapies the patient is receiving.
* [[drug]] Any substance (other than food) that is used to prevent, diagnose, treat, or relieve symptoms of a disease or abnormal condition. Also, a substance that alters mood or body function or that can be habit-forming or addictive, especially a narcotic.
* [[duration]] The length of time that something lasts.
* [[echinacea]] A plant that is native to North America. Traditionally, it has been used for colds, flu, and other infections.
* [[edema]] Swelling caused by excess fluid in the body. Edema often affects the hands, arms, feet, ankles, legs, hands, and arms.
* [[effectiveness]] In medicine, the ability of an intervention (for example, a drug, surgery, or a dietary supplement) to produce the desired beneficial effect under the usual conditions of care by a health care provider.
* [[efficacy]] In medicine, the ability of an intervention (for example, a drug, surgery, or dietary supplement) to produce the desired beneficial effect under the best possible conditions of care, such as a clinical trial.
* [[endometrium]] A layer of tissue that lines the uterus.
* [[endpoint]] A specific outcome measured in a clinical trial that is used to judge how well the treatment works (treatment efficacy). For example, the endpoint measured in a clinical trial may be weight loss, quality of life, or survival.
* [[enzyme]] A protein that speeds up chemical reactions in the body.
* [[eosinophil]] A type of white blood cell.
* [[epidemiologic study]] Research that examines the patterns, causes, and control of a disease in a population of people.
* [[epithelium]] A thin layer of tissue that covers organs, glands, and other structures within the body.
* [[esophagus]] The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat to the stomach.
* [[essential]] In nutrition, essential nutrients are ones that we must consume for good health because our bodies cannot make them. Essential nutrients include vitamins and minerals.
* [[esteem]] Admiration, regard, respect, and value.
* [[ester]] A chemical compound made by the reaction between an alcohol and an acid.
* [[estradiol]] A form of the hormone estrogen.
* [[estriol]] A form of the hormone estrogen.
* [[ethanol]] A type of alcohol. Also called ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol.
* [[evidence]] Information used to support the use of a particular screening procedure, treatment, or preventive measure. In medicine, evidence needed to determine effectiveness is provided by laboratory research, clinical trials, and other studies.
* [[extended-release]] In medicine, pills and capsules that release a drug in the body slowly over time.
* [[extract]] A substance made by soaking an herb in a liquid that removes specific types of chemicals. The liquid can be used as is or evaporated to make a concentrate or a dry extract for use in capsules or tablets.
* [[fat soluble]] Able to be dissolved in fat.
* [[fatal]] Deadly; causing death.
* [[fatigue]] Extreme tiredness and an inability to function due to lack of energy.
* [[fetal]] Having to do with a fetus (the developing human from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth).
* [[fetus]] The developing human from 7 to 8 weeks after conception until birth.
* [[fibrocystic breast disease]] A common condition in which the breasts feel bumpy, tender, and painful, especially before a menstrual period.
* [[filler]] An inactive ingredient (one that has no medicinal effect on the body, such as lactose or starch) that is used to provide consistency and uniformity in the size and weight of a pill or tablet.
* [[flavanols]] Substances that naturally occur in some plants such as tea, cocoa, red grapes, berries, apples, and red wine. Also called flavan-3-ols.
* [[flavanones]] Substances that naturally occur in some plants, especially citrus.
* [[flavonols]] Substances that naturally occur in some plants, such as apples, apricots, beans, broccoli, cherries, cherry tomatoes, cranberries, kale, leeks, pears, onions, red grapes, and tea. Flavonols include quercetin, myricetin, and kaempferol.
* [[folic acid]] The form of folate (a B vitamin occurring naturally in food) that is manufactured and used in supplements and fortified foods.
* [[follicle-stimulating hormone]] FSH. A hormone made by the pituitary gland (an organ at the base of the brain) that is used in reproduction and in making estrogen and sperm.
* [[fracture]] A break, for example, a bone fracture.
* [[fragile]] Easily broken.
* [[fukinolic acid]] A component of black cohosh.
* [[functional food]] A conventional or modified food or ingredient that provides a health benefit (such as a lowered risk of osteoporosis) in addition to the basic nutritional functions of the food. Examples include whole, fortified, enriched, and enhanced foods.
* [[gastric cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the stomach that spreads through the outer layers of the stomach as it grows.
* [[gastric juice]] The digestive fluid made by the stomach. It contains hydrochloric acid, enzymes, intrinsic factor, and mucus.
* [[gastric]] Having to do with the stomach.
* [[gastrointestinal tract]] The large, muscular tube that extends from the mouth to the anus, where the movement of muscles and release of hormones and enzymes digest food.
* [[gastrointestinal]] GI. Having to do with the gastrointestinal tract (the large, muscular tube that extends from the mouth to the anus, where the movement of muscles and release of hormones and enzymes digest food).
* [[gene-modified]] Cells that have been altered to contain different genetic material than they originally contained.
* [[gene]] The functional and physical unit of heredity passed from parent to offspring. Genes are pieces of DNA, and most genes contain the information for making a specific protein.
* [[genetically modified food]] Food made from plants or animals whose genes have been changed in the laboratory. These changes may increase crop yields, control insects and weeds, or improve nutritional content. Also called genetically engineered food.
* [[genetics]] Heredity passed from parent to offspring. Also, the identification and study of genes within an organism, their function in normal development, the consequences of gene alteration or variation (mutation), and potential treatments for genetic diseases.
* [[ginger]] The root of this plant has been used in cooking and in some cultures to treat nausea, vomiting, and certain other medical conditions. It is being studied in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy. Latin name: Zingiber officianale.
* [[gland]] A small organ that makes and releases a substance such as sweat, tears, saliva, milk, a hormone, or substances that aid in digestion.
* [[glucosamine]] Glucosamine sulfate is found naturally in the fluid that surrounds your joints. It is also made from the shells of shrimp, lobsters, and crabs, and can be made in the laboratory. Some people use glucosamine to help prevent arthritis pain.
* [[glutamine]] A chemical that increases the number of messages sent between nerve cells. It is thought to be involved in learning and memory.
* [[gluten]] A protein found in wheat, rye, and barley. Eating gluten damages the small intestine in people who have celiac disease (also called gluten intolerance, gluten-sensitive enteropathy, and sprue) and can cause abdominal pain, gas, diarrhea, and other symptoms.
* [[glycoside]] A chemical compound that is made from a sugar molecule in the body or in a laboratory.
* [[goiter]] An enlarged thyroid gland. A goiter is caused by too little iodine in the diet or by other conditions, such as a growth on the thyroid or a gland that makes too much or not enough hormones.
* [[gram]] g. A measure of weight. It is a metric unit of mass equal to 0.001 kilogram (it weighs 0.035 ounce).
* [[gynecologic]] Having to do with the female reproductive tract (including the cervix, endometrium, fallopian tubes, ovaries, uterus, and vagina).
* [[health care provider]] A person who supplies health care services. Health care providers include individuals with professional training (including doctors, nurses, technicians, and aides).
* [[heart attack]] The blockage of an artery supplying blood and oxygen to the heart, resulting in the damage or death of a section of heart muscle.
* [[heart failure]] A condition in which the heart is unable to pump the amount of blood needed by the body. It is caused by high blood pressure, heart attack, and other disorders of the heart or blood vessels. Also called congestive heart failure.
* [[heart palpitation]] Forceful and irregular beating of the heart.
* [[heart rhythm]] The regular beating of the heart as it moves blood throughout the body.
* [[hemochromatosis]] A condition in which the body absorbs more iron than it needs and stores it in the liver, heart, and pancreas. Hemochromatosis causes liver disease, heart problems, and organ failure.
* [[hemodialysis]] The use of a machine to remove wastes and extra fluid from the blood when the kidneys have stopped working. The cleaned blood is then returned to the body.
* [[hemoglobin]] The substance inside red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the body's tissues.
* [[hepatitis]] A group of diseases in which the liver becomes enlarged and inflamed, causing fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and dark urine.
* [[herb]] A plant used in cooking, in tea, and for medicinal purposes.
* [[herbal]] Having to do with or made from medicinal or edible plants.
* [[hives]] Raised red bumps or patches on the surface of the skin that come and go and itch, burn, or sting. They are usually caused by an allergic reaction to drugs, food, or insect bites. Also called urticaria.
* [[home birth]] Having a baby in the home rather than at a birthing center or hospital.
* [[hormone replacement therapy]] HRT. Hormones (estrogen, progesterone, or both) given to women after menopause to make up for the hormones no longer made by the ovaries. Also called hormone therapy.
* [[hormone]] A group of chemicals made by glands in the body. Hormones circulate in the bloodstream and control the actions of certain cells or organs. Some hormones can also be manufactured.
* [[hot flash]] A sudden, temporary onset of body warmth, flushing, and sweating (often associated with menopause).
* [[hydrochloric acid]] An acid made in the stomach. It works with enzymes (substances that speed up chemical reactions in the body) to break down proteins during digestion.
* [[hyperthyroidism]] A condition in which your thyroid gland makes more hormone than your body needs. Symptoms include weight loss, fatigue, restlessness, frequent bowel movements or diarrhea, and goiter.
* [[hypervitaminosis A]] Abnormally high amounts of vitamin A stored in the body. It can cause headache, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and birth defects. Also called vitamin A toxicity.
* [[hysterectomy]] Surgery to remove the uterus. A partial hysterectomy is removal of the uterus only. A total hysterectomy is removal of the uterus and part or all of the cervix.
* [[immune function]] Substances made and action taken by cells that fight disease and infection.
* [[immune system]] A group of organs and cells that defends the body against infection, disease, and altered (mutated) cells. It includes the thymus, spleen, lymphatic system (lymph nodes and lymph vessels), bone marrow, tonsils, and white blood cells.
* [[immunity]] The condition of being protected against or resistant to an infectious disease.
* [[immunization]] A method used to cause an immune response that helps protect against a specific disease, especially an infectious one. An example is the injection given to prevent chicken pox.
* [[impotence]] In medicine, the inability to get or keep an erection firm enough for sexual intercourse. Also called erectile dysfunction.
* [[in vitro]] In the laboratory (outside the body).
* [[in vivo]] In the body.
* [[inactive ingredient]] A substance that has no medicinal effect on the body. Uses of small amounts of inactive ingredients in dietary supplements include holding the tablet together, improving the taste or smell, and increasing the stability of the key ingredient.
* [[incidence]] The number of new cases of a disease diagnosed in a specific group of people during a specific period of time. For example, the annual incidence of childhood cancer is 14.6 cases per 100,000 children aged birth to 14 years.
* [[infant formula]] An artificial form of breast milk.
* [[infant]] A child younger than 12 months old.
* [[infection]] The invasion and spread of germs in the body. The germs may be bacteria, viruses, yeast, or fungi.
* [[infertility]] The inability to produce children.
* [[inflammation]] Redness, swelling, pain, and/or a feeling of heat in an area of the body. It is a protective reaction to injury, disease, or irritation of tissues.
* [[inflammatory bowel disease]] IBD. Long-lasting (chronic) problems that cause irritation and ulcers in the digestive tract. The most common disorders are ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
* [[ingestion]] Taking into the body by mouth.
* [[inherit]] In genetics, to receive genes that are passed from parents to their children.
* [[injection]] Use of a syringe and needle to push fluids or drugs into the body. Also called a shot.
* [[inorganic]] Describes a substance that is not of plant or animal origin. For example, minerals are inorganic.
* [[insomnia]] Difficulty in going to sleep or in getting enough sleep.
* [[intervention]] Action taken to improve health or to treat or cure a disease.
* [[intestine]] The section of the digestive tract below the stomach, including the small and large intestines, rectum, and anus.
* [[intravenous]] Into or within a vein, such as an intravenous injection.
* [[intrinsic factor]] A protein made by the stomach that is needed to absorb vitamin B12 in the large intestine.
* [[investigation]] Observation, study, and examination.
* [[iodize]] To add iodine. For example, iodized table salt has a small amount of iodine added to it to help prevent iodine deficiency.
* [[iridoid]] A category of compounds found in some plants.
* [[iron]] In nutrition, a mineral the body needs to make red blood cells, proteins, and enzymes; and for the control of cell growth and cell specialization. Iron is found in some foods, including red meats, fish, poultry, lentils, and beans.
* [[isoferulic acid]] A component of black cohosh.
* [[isoflavones]] Substances that naturally occur in some plants, especially soybeans. Isoflavones are a type of phytoestrogen and are similar to the hormone estrogen in people.
* [[isopropanol]] A substance used to kill germs and as a solvent to dissolve other substances into a solution. Also called isopropyl alcohol and rubbing alcohol.
* [[isopropyl alcohol]] A substance used to kill germs and as a solvent. Also called isopropanol and rubbing alcohol.
* [[kidney stone]] A “pebble” that forms in a kidney from salts and minerals in the urine. A small kidney stone is able to pass out of the body; a large stone may block the urinary tract and require medical help.
* [[kidney]] One of two organs that remove waste from the blood (as urine). The kidneys also make erythropoietin (a substance that stimulates red blood cell production) and help regulate blood pressure. The kidneys are located near the back under the lower ribs.
* [[labor]] The process of childbirth.
* [[laboratory test]] A medical procedure that involves testing a sample of blood, urine, tissue, or other substance collected from the body. Tests can help determine a diagnosis, plan treatment, check to see whether treatment is working, or monitor a disease over time.
* [[lactation]] The processes of making milk in the breast for feeding an infant.
* [[lactose]] A type of sugar found in milk and milk products.
* [[laxative]] A substance that moves the bowels and relieves constipation.
* [[legume]] Dried beans and peas, including kidney beans, pinto beans, black beans, navy beans, lima beans, black-eyed peas, garbanzo beans (chickpeas), split peas, and lentils. Legumes are good sources of protein, iron, zinc, dietary fiber, folate, and potassium.
* [[lens]] The clear part of the eye behind the iris that changes shape to focus near and far objects onto the retina (the nerve tissue at the back of the eye that receives images and sends them to the brain).
* [[liver]] A large organ located in the right upper abdomen. It stores nutrients that come from food, makes chemicals needed by the body, and breaks down some medicines and harmful substances so they can be removed from the body.
* [[loop diuretic]] Medication that is used to treat fluid build-up in the body and congestive heart failure. It may also be used to treat high blood pressure. Loop diuretics increase the amount of water that the body loses as urine.
* [[lot]] A batch, or a specific identified portion of a batch, having uniform character and quality within specified limits; or, an amount produced in a unit of time or quantity.
* [[lozenge]] A small, hard candy containing medicine that is dissolved in the mouth.
* [[lung]] An organ in the chest that supplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide. There are two lungs in the body.
* [[luteinizing hormone]] LH. A hormone made in the brain that is important for the release of an egg from an ovary during the menstrual cycle and in making the hormones testosterone and estrogen.
* [[lymphocyte]] A type of white blood cell that is part of the immune system. It defends the body against infection, disease, and altered (mutated) cells.
* [[lymphoma]] Cancer that develops in cells of your immune system, called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cell.
* [[macronutrients]] The carbohydrates, proteins, and fats in food that give you energy and maintain your body.
* [[macrophage]] A type of white blood cell that surrounds and kills microorganisms, removes dead cells, and stimulates the action of other immune system cells.
* [[malabsorption]] A reduced ability to properly absorb nutrients. It can be caused by injury to the digestive tract, a genetic disease, or other conditions. Malabsorption can lead to malnutrition.
* [[malaise]] General discomfort that may be an early symptom of illness.
* [[malnourished]] Describes a condition caused by not getting enough calories or the right amount of key nutrients needed for health. Key nutrients include vitamins and minerals.
* [[malnutrition]] A disorder caused by a diet that does not provide enough nutrition, an unbalanced diet, a digestive system that does not work properly, or a problem with absorbing or using nutrients.
* [[mast cell]] A type of white blood cell.
* [[mechanism of action]] The means by which a substance (such as a dietary supplement) is able to produce an effect in the body.
* [[medicinal]] Having to do with the abilities of medicine to prevent and cure.
* [[megaloblastic anemia]] A disorder in which red blood cells are larger than normal, immature, and few in number, which reduces the amount of oxygen that can be carried by the blood to the body's tissues. It is caused by a deficiency in folate or vitamin B12.
* [[menopause]] The time of life when a woman's menstrual periods stop. A woman is in menopause when she hasn't had a period for 12 months in a row. Also called "change of life."
* [[menstruation]] Periodic discharge of blood and tissue from the uterus. From puberty until menopause, menstruation normally occurs about every 28 days, except when a woman is pregnant.
* [[meta-analysis]] A methodical review of the results of multiple research studies. In a meta-analysis, statistical methods are used to measure the combined results of these studies and estimate an overall effect.
* [[metabolic]] Having to do with metabolism (all chemical changes that take place in a cell or organism to produce energy and basic materials needed for important life processes).
* [[metabolism]] All chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism. These changes produce energy and basic materials needed for important life processes.
* [[metabolize]] To go through the process of metabolism (chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism to produce energy and basic materials needed for important life processes).
* [[microgram]] µg or mcg. A unit of weight in the metric system equal to one millionth of a gram. (A gram is approximately one-thirtieth of an ounce.)
* [[micronutrients]] The vitamins and minerals in your diet that your body needs in small amounts.
* [[microorganism]] A living being that can be seen only through a microscope. Microorganisms include helpful and harmful bacteria, protozoa, algae, and fungi. Although viruses are not considered living organisms, they are sometimes classified as microorganisms.
* [[microscopic]] Too small to be seen without a microscope.
* [[migraine]] A type of headache that causes intense throbbing or pulsing pain, sensitivity to light and sound, and nausea and vomiting. A migraine often begins with visions of flashing lights, zigzag lines, and/or temporary loss of sight.
* [[milligram]] mg. A measure of weight. It is a metric unit of mass equal to 0.001 gram (it weighs 28,000 times less than an ounce).
* [[mineral]] In nutrition, an inorganic substance found in the earth that is required to maintain health.
* [[miscarriage]] The natural loss of a fetus before 20 weeks of pregnancy. Also called spontaneous abortion.
* [[mitigate]] To make milder or less painful.
* [[mortality]] The rate of death.
* [[mucous membrane]] The moist tissue that lines some organs and body cavities (such as the nose, mouth, and lungs) and makes mucus (a thick, slippery fluid). Also called mucosa.
* [[multivitamin/mineral dietary supplement]] MVM. A product that is meant to supplement the diet. MVMs contain a variety of vitamins and minerals. The number and amounts of these nutrients can vary substantially by product.
* [[multivitamin]] A product that is meant to supplement the diet. Multivitamins contain a variety of vitamins. The number and amounts of these nutrients can vary substantially by product.
* [[nasal]] Having to do with the nose.
* [[naturalize]] To introduce a plant from one geographic region to another, and to allow it to establish itself without cultivation, and grow as if it were native to the area.
* [[nausea]] The uneasy feeling of having an urge to throw up (vomit).
* [[neonate]] An infant during the first month of life after birth.
* [[neonatologist]] A doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of newborn infants.
* [[nerve ending]] The end of a nerve fiber that projects from the cell body of a nerve cell (neuron).
* [[nerve]] A bundle of microscopic fibers that carries messages back and forth from the brain to other parts of the body.
* [[nervous system]] The brain and spinal cord, including the network of nerves that carry messages back and forth between the brain and all parts of the body. The nervous system controls what the body does.
* [[neurologic]] Having to do with nerves and the nervous system.
* [[neuron]] A nerve cell. Neurons send chemical and electrical messages throughout the nervous system that direct the body to function, move, think, and have emotions.
* [[neurotransmitter]] A chemical messenger that is made and used by nerve cells (neurons) to communicate with one another.
* [[neutrophil]] A type of white blood cell.
* [[nitrite]] A chemical substance that contains nitrogen and oxygen and is used to preserve food.
* [[nitrosamine]] A chemical substance that can form in the acid conditions of the stomach. It may cause cancer.
* [[nonorganic insomnia]] A sleep disorder (difficulty in going to sleep or getting enough sleep) that occurs as a symptom of a physical or mental disease.
* [[norethisterone acetate]] A substance used in oral contraceptives (birth control pills) and as a treatment for endometriosis (a condition in which tissue that is normally found inside the uterus grows elsewhere in the abdomen).
* [[nursing]] Breastfeeding.
* [[nutrient]] A chemical compound in food that is used by the body to function and maintain health. Examples of nutrients include proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.
* [[nutritional]] Having to do with nutrition (eating, digesting, and absorbing the nutrients in food, and the health and disease consequences).
* [[objective]] Having to do with fact, experience, or direct observation rather than personal opinion or feeling.
* [[observational study]] A type of research in which individuals are observed for a specific period of time, sometimes for many years, and certain outcomes are measured. No attempt is made to affect the outcome (for example, no treatment is given).
* [[oleic acid]] A fatty acid found in animal fats and vegetable oils.
* [[omega-3 fatty acid]] A main component of fats used by the body for energy and tissue growth. Omega-3s are essential fatty acids in the human diet; they are found in fish oil and certain plant and nut oils.
* [[oral]] By mouth; having to do with the mouth.
* [[organism]] A living thing such as an animal, a plant, a bacterium, or a fungus.
* [[osteoarthritis]] A disease that breaks down the cartilage in your joints. Over time, the cartilage wears away, your bones rub together, and you can have joint pain, stiffness, and swelling, typically in your fingers, thumbs, knees, hips, neck, and lower back.
* [[osteoporosis]] A condition in which bones become weak and brittle, increasing the chance they may break.
* [[outcome]] A specific endpoint measured in a clinical trial. Examples include weight loss, cholesterol levels, severe toxicity, worsening of disease, and death.
* [[ovariectomize]] To remove one or both ovaries (the female reproductive organs in which eggs are made and stored).
* [[ovary]] One of a pair of female reproductive glands in which the eggs (ova) are formed and stored. The ovaries are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus.
* [[oxazepam]] A drug used to treat anxiety, sleeping disorders, irritable bowel syndrome, and the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. It belongs to the family of drugs called benzodiazepines.
* [[oxidation]] In chemistry, the addition of oxygen atoms to a chemical substance or the loss of electrons by a chemical substance.
* [[palpitation]] A fluttering sensation in the chest, usually caused by a forceful or irregular heart beat.
* [[pancreas]] An organ in the abdomen. It makes a liquid (called pancreatic juice) containing enzymes that aid in digestion, and makes several hormones, including insulin. The pancreas is surrounded by the stomach and intestines.
* [[pancreatic cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the pancreas, an organ behind the stomach that makes pancreatic juices to help digest food, and several hormones, including insulin.
* [[parenteral]] Having to do with providing substances for the body without using the gastrointestinal tract. Examples include an intravenous infusion, an injection under the skin, or an injection into a muscle.
* [[participant withdrawal]] When a person enrolled as a subject in a clinical trial stops participating before the study is completed.
* [[pediatrician]] A medical doctor (physician) who specializes in the treatment of children.
* [[peer-reviewed journal]] A scholarly or scientific publication in which an article is reviewed by a board of experts before it is published. The board members determine the accuracy of the article and approve or reject it.
* [[peppermint]] A plant that has been used in traditional medicine in many parts of the world to relieve indigestion, cough, sore throat, headache, abdominal cramping, and gas. Also called brandy mint, lamb mint, and lammint. Latin name: Mentha piperita.
* [[percentile]] A ranking on a scale of 100 that indicates the percent of others at or below that score. For example, a child with a weight in the 95th percentile for her age is heavier than 95 percent of all children her age; 5 percent of children her age weigh more.
* [[perimenopausal]] The time of life near menopause when a woman's menstrual periods become irregular.
* [[peripheral artery disease]] A disorder in which the arteries supplying blood to the kidneys, stomach, arms, legs, or feet become blocked by a build-up of fat and cholesterol deposits inside the arteries (atherosclerosis), causing cramping and weakness.
* [[peristalsis]] A wavelike movement of muscles that moves food and liquid through the gastrointestinal tract.
* [[pharmacist]] A person licensed to make and dispense (give out) prescription drugs and who has been taught how they work, how to use them, and their side effects.
* [[phytomedicine]] The use of herbs and other plants for their therapeutic or medicinal qualities. Also called phytotherapy.
* [[pica]] An eating disorder in which a person eats things that are not food, such as dirt, clay, paint flakes, sand, hair, or paper. Pica is more common in young children and in people with brain injuries or developmental disabilities.
* [[pinkeye]] An infection or inflammation of the lining of the eyelid and the white part of the eye. Also called conjunctivitis.
* [[placenta]] The organ that delivers nutrients and oxygen and takes away carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes from the developing fetus in the uterus.
* [[plasma]] The yellowish fluid part of blood in which blood cells are found. The plasma contains proteins that form blood clots.
* [[platelet]] Fragments of bone marrow cells (megakaryocytes) that help prevent bleeding by causing blood clots to form. Also called a thrombocyte.
* [[polyphenols]] Substances that occur naturally in plants. More than 8,000 polyphenols are found in plant foods, including berries, black grapes, cherries, coffee, dark chocolate, and red onions.
* [[porous]] Full of holes.
* [[postmenopausal]] Having to do with the time after menopause. The time in a woman's life when menstrual periods stop permanently is called menopause ("change of life").
* [[postterm baby]] A baby born after the normal 42 weeks of pregnancy.
* [[potassium]] A mineral that helps the body’s nerves to function, muscles to move, and heart to beat. Potassium helps balance some of the harmful effects of salt on blood pressure.
* [[poultry]] Birds that are raised for eggs or meat, including chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese.
* [[premature infant]] A baby born before 37 weeks of pregnancy. Normally pregnancy lasts 42 weeks. Also called preterm infant and preemie.
* [[premenstrual syndrome (PMS)]] Severe symptoms that occur 1 or 2 weeks before menstruation, including cramping, bloating, and tender breasts; food cravings; mood swings and irritability; and headache and fatigue.
* [[prenatal]] Before birth; during pregnancy.
* [[preparation]] A mixture made for medicinal use.
* [[prescription]] A written order from a health care provider for medicine, therapy, or tests.
* [[prevalence]] In medicine, the percentage of a population that is affected with a specific disease at any one time.
* [[prevent]] To stop from happening.
* [[prevention]] In medicine, action taken to decrease the chance (risk) of developing a disease.
* [[progestin]] A natural or laboratory-made substance that has some or all of the biologic effects of progesterone, a female hormone.
* [[progression]] In medicine, the course of a disease as it becomes worse. For example, as cancer progresses, it spreads in the body.
* [[prolactin]] A hormone made by the pituitary gland (an organ located at the base of the brain) and important for making breast milk and in ovulation (the release of an egg from an ovary during the menstrual cycle).
* [[proliferation]] Multiplying or increasing in number. In biology, cell proliferation occurs by a process called cell division.
* [[proprietary]] A product or technique that is developed and owned by a company or individual, cannot be used by others without approval, and may be protected by patent or copyright.
* [[prostate cancer]] Uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the prostate (a gland in the male reproductive system found below the bladder and in front of the rectum). Prostate cancer usually occurs in older men.
* [[protein-energy malnutrition]] A group of conditions that result when the body does not get enough protein or energy (calories), or both, to support growth and development and for the body to work properly.
* [[protein]] A molecule made up of amino acids that the body needs for good health. Proteins are the basis of body structures such as skin and muscle, and substances such as enzymes and antibodies.
* [[proton pump inhibitor]] PPI. A drug that reduces the amount of acid made by the stomach. It is used to treat peptic ulcer and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
* [[provitamin]] A substance found in some foods that the body can use to make a vitamin. An example of a provitamin is beta-carotene, which the body uses to make vitamin A. Also called a vitamin precursor.
* [[prudent]] Wise; using good judgment.
* [[pruritus]] An itching sensation that triggers the desire to scratch. Pruritus can range from mild to severe.
* [[psoriasis]] A chronic inflammatory disease in which the skin becomes swollen, red, and itchy, with patches of silvery-white scales.
* [[pyridoxine]] A form of vitamin B6.
* [[quality control]] A system to ensure that consistency and uniformity are maintained in the manufacturing of a product.
* [[quality of life]] The overall enjoyment of life, a sense of well-being, and the ability to carry out routine activities.
* [[radiation therapy]] The use of high-energy radiation from x-rays and other sources to kill cancer cells, shrink tumors, and treat other conditions.
* [[red blood cell]] A cell that carries oxygen to and removes carbon dioxide from all parts of the body.
* [[regimen]] A treatment plan that specifies the dosage, schedule, and duration of treatment.
* [[regulate]] To govern, make uniform, and bring under the control of a rule, principle, or legal system. In the United States, the FDA has the authority to regulate dietary supplements.
* [[remission]] A decrease in or disappearance of signs and symptoms of disease.
* [[reproductive age]] The time of life during which a person is able to conceive a child. It begins in puberty (for men and women) and ends after menopoause (for women only).
* [[reproductive organ]] A sex organ. In females, reproductive organs include the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and vagina. In males, reproductive organs include the prostate, testes, and penis.
* [[resin]] A substance found in some plants.
* [[respiratory tract]] The organs that are involved in breathing. These include the mouth, nose, throat (pharynx), voicebox (larynx), windpipe (trachea), air passages between the windpipe and lungs (bronchial tubes), and lungs. Also called the respiratory system.
* [[respiratory]] Having to do with breathing. The organs that are involved with breathing include the mouth, nose, throat (pharynx), voicebox (larynx), windpipe (trachea), air passages between the windpipe and lungs (bronchial tubes), and lungs.
* [[restless leg syndrome]] A disorder of the nervous system that causes unpleasant or painful feelings in the legs, especially when relaxing, which results in uncontrollable urges to move them.
* [[retina]] The light-sensitive layers of nerve tissue at the back of the eye that receive images and send them as electric signals through the optic nerve to the brain.
* [[retinal]] The form of vitamin A needed for proper vision. It is made by the body from beta-carotene. Also called retinaldehyde.
* [[retinitis pigmentosa]] A group of inherited eye diseases that affect the retina (the light-sensitive part of the eye), causing a gradual loss of night vision and peripheral vision and usually resulting in partial blindness.
* [[retinoid]] A category of vitamin A compounds. The retinoids include retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. Synthetic retinoids are manufactured for use in treating acne, psoriasis, and other skin disorders.
* [[retinol binding protein]] RBP. A molecule that binds to retinol (the form of vitamin A in foods that come from animals) and carries it through the blood to tissues where it is used, and to the liver where it is stored.
* [[retinyl ester]] A form in which newly absorbed retinol (the form of vitamin A in foods that come from animals) is stored in the body.
* [[retinyl palmitate]] The main form in which retinol (the form of vitamin A in foods that come from animals) is stored in the body.
* [[rheumatism]] A group of disorders characterized by inflammation or pain in the body's connective tissues (bone and cartilage).
* [[rheumatoid arthritis]] An autoimmune disease that causes pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joints. It may cause severe joint damage, loss of function, and disability. The disease may last from months to a lifetime, and symptoms may improve and worsen over time.
* [[rhizome]] A horizontal stem that grows shallowly underground. At nodes along the rhizome, below-ground roots and above-ground shoots grow into new plants. Examples include strawberries and many types of grasses.
* [[ribonucleic acid]] RNA. A substance that tells cells how to make proteins.
* [[rigorous]] Accurate, precise, and without deviation from standards.
* [[risk factor]] Something that may increase the chance of developing a disease. For example, a diet that is low in calcium and vitamin D is a risk factor for osteoporosis; smoking is a risk factor for lung cancer.
* [[risk]] The chance or probability that a harmful event will occur. In health, for example, the chance that someone will develop a disease or condition.
* [[root]] A part of a plant that is below ground.
* [[safety data]] Information about unwanted symptoms or diseases related to the use of drugs, medical devices, dietary supplements, food, and cosmetics.
* [[sample]] A subset of individuals selected from a larger population. A sample is used to form conclusions about the general population.
* [[saponin]] A substance found in some plants. Saponins may help lower cholesterol and may have anticancer effects.
* [[scale]] A standardized tool used to measure or rate. For example, specific scales are used to measure a person's quality of life and the severity of pain.
* [[scientific literature]] Published peer-reviewed original research in the sciences and social sciences.
* [[scientific study]] A method of gaining knowledge by making observations, proposing educated guesses (hypotheses) to explain the observations, and testing the hypotheses in ways that have reproducible results.
* [[screening]] Checking for a disease or condition when there are no symptoms.
* [[scurvy]] A disease caused by a lack of vitamin C in the diet. Symptoms include anemia, gum disease, bleeding, and bruising.
* [[secondhand smoke]] Smoke that comes from the burning end of a cigarette, cigar, or pipe and smoke exhaled by a smoker. Inhaling secondhand smoke can cause cancer, respiratory tract infections, and heart disease.
* [[sedative]] A drug or other substance that helps cause relaxation, calmness, and sleepiness.
* [[seizure]] Sudden changes in behavior caused by excessive electrical activity in the brain.
* [[selenium]] A mineral required in very small amounts to make important enzymes that are essential for good health. Selenium is found in some foods, including plant foods grown in selenium-rich soil, and some meats and seafood.
* [[sennoside]] The active ingredient in senna, a plant whose leaves are used to make a stimulant laxative that increases the frequency of bowel movements and relieves constipation.
* [[sesquiterpene]] A substance found in some plants.
* [[sewage sludge]] The material that results from processing human waste at sewage treatment facilities.
* [[short-chain fatty acid]] A fat molecule that is composed of 6 or fewer carbon atoms. This type of fat is able to dissolve in water and is digested and absorbed more rapidly than other fats.
* [[sign]] An indication of disease that can be seen and/or measured. Examples include high fever, high blood pressure, infection, and coughing up blood.
* [[skin cancer]] Cancer that forms in tissues of the skin. Most skin cancers form in older people on parts of the body exposed to the sun or in people who have weakened immune systems.
* [[sleep disorder]] A consistent disruption of the normal pattern of sleep.
* [[sleep latency]] The period of time between settling down to go to sleep and actually falling asleep.
* [[slow-wave sleep]] Deep, nondreaming sleep.
* [[small intestine]] The part of the digestive tract that is located between the stomach and the large intestine.
* [[solution]] A liquid in which another substance has been dissolved or mixed.
* [[spasm]] An abnormal and uncontrollable muscle contraction or cramp.
* [[specimen]] In medicine, a small amount of tissue or fluid from the body used for analysis, such as a blood sample.
* [[standard reference material]] An authenticated material.
* [[standard treatment]] Medical therapy that is widely accepted and used by most health care professionals as an appropriate treatment for a particular condition.
* [[statin]] A drug used to treat high cholesterol. Statins lower the amount of cholesterol and certain fats in the blood.
* [[statistical difference]] A mathematical measure of variation between groups that is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone.
* [[statistical effect]] Describes a mathematical measure of difference between groups.
* [[statistically significant]] In medicine, a mathematical measure of difference between two or more groups receiving different treatments that is greater than what might be expected to happen by chance alone.
* [[status]] The state or condition. For example, a person’s vitamin B12 status is measured by doing a laboratory test on a blood sample.
* [[stimulant]] A substance that increases brain activity, alertness, attention, blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, and energy.
* [[stolon]] A specialized stem that grows horizontally on top of the ground; roots and new plants form at nodes along the stolon. An example is the strawberry plant.
* [[stool]] The waste matter passed in a bowel movement; feces.
* [[study design]] A plan for collecting and using information to properly test an educated guess (hypothesis).
* [[stunted growth]] Not able to reach the expected height, size, or level of development for a child’s age.
* [[subclinical]] Having to do with the early stage of a disease, before signs and symptoms appear.
* [[subcutaneous]] Beneath the skin.
* [[subjective improvement]] An improvement that is reported by a person but cannot be measured by a healthcare provider. For example, "I feel better."
* [[subjective measurement]] A method of determining an effect when precise numbers cannot be known. Examples of tools used in subjective measurement include questionnaires and sliding scales. For example, "On a scale of 1 to 10, my pain is an 8."
* [[subjective]] Influenced by experience, knowledge, opinion, or emotion; not based on facts alone.
* [[sudden cardiac death]] A condition in which the heart suddenly stops beating. This usually causes death if not treated within minutes.
* [[supplement]] A nutrient that may be added to the diet to increase the intake of that nutrient. Sometimes used to mean dietary supplement.
* [[symptom]] A feeling of sickness that an individual can sense, but that cannot be measured by a healthcare professional. Examples include headache, tiredness, stomach ache, depression, and pain.
* [[synaptic cleft]] The gap between nerve cells (neurons). Nerve cells communicate with each other by sending and receiving chemical messages (neurotransmitters) across the synaptic cleft.
* [[synaptosome]] A sac of nerve-ending particles that have been processed in a centrifuge in the laboratory. Synaptosomes are used in lab tests to study communication between nerve cells (neurons).
* [[synergism]] The interaction of two or more substances to produce an effect that is greater than what would be expected by adding the separate effects of each.
* [[synthesis]] Creating something new by putting together separate parts (such as, chemicals). For example, sunlight is needed for vitamin D synthesis in the skin.
* [[synthetic]] Made by combining parts to make a whole; usually having to do with substances that are artificial or manufactured.
* [[systematic review]] A structured method of identifying, selecting, and analyzing appropriate research to answer a specific question.
* [[tamoxifen]] A drug used to treat breast cancer and to prevent cancer in women who have a high risk of developing breast cancer. Tamoxifen blocks the effects of the hormone estrogen in the breast. It belongs to the family of drugs called antiestrogens.
* [[tea]] A drink made by adding boiling water to fresh or dried herbs and steeping (soaking) them. It may be drunk either hot or cold. Also called an infusion.
* [[theoretical]] Describes an assumption that is supported by scientific evidence, but has not been proven.
* [[therapeutic effect]] The beneficial response or outcome of a treatment or prevention measure.
* [[therapeutic]] Used to treat disease and help healing take place.
* [[thiamin]] An important nutrient that is needed by the body to make energy from food, for cell and muscle function, and for a healthy nervous system. Thiamin is found in some foods, including enriched breads and cereals, legumes, liver, nuts, pork, and whole grains.
* [[thiazide diuretic]] A drug used in the treatment of high blood pressure and swelling caused by excess fluid in body tissues (edema). It increases the amount of urine made by the body.
* [[tissue]] A group or layer of cells in a living organism that work together to perform a specific function.
* [[toddler]] A child between the ages of 12 months and 3 years.
* [[toxic]] Having to do with poison or something harmful to the body. Toxic substances usually cause unwanted health effects.
* [[toxicity]] The degree to which something is poisonous (toxic).
* [[tranquilizer]] A drug used to treat anxiety and insomnia. It belongs to the family of drugs called central nervous system (CNS) depressants. An example is valium.
* [[transplant]] The replacement of tissue with tissue from the person's own body or from another person.
* [[treat]] To care for a patient with a disease by using medicine, surgery, or other approaches.
* [[tremor]] A trembling or shaking in one or more parts of the body, usually the hands. An individual can also have tremors in the arms, head, face, vocal cords, torso, and legs.
* [[triglyceride]] A type of fat found in your blood. When you eat more than you need, your body turns the excess calories into triglycerides. High blood levels of triglycerides can increase your risk of heart disease, heart attack, and stroke.
* [[triterpene glycoside]] A family of chemicals found in some plants. Examples of triterpene glycosides are acetein, cimicifugoside, and 26-deoxyacetin, which are components of the herb black cohosh.
* [[triterpene]] A chemical compound found in some plants.
* [[tumor]] An abnormal growth of tissue that forms when cells divide more often than they should. Tumors may be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer).
* [[ulcer]] A sore on the skin or in the lining of an organ or other tissue that deepens as cells die. Ulcers form where swelling, redness, pain, and warmth (inflammation) have killed the cells, then bleed and produce pus.
* [[ulcerative colitis]] Chronic inflammation of the colon that causes ulcers to form in its lining. This condition is marked by abdominal pain, cramps, and loose discharges of pus, blood, and mucus from the bowel.
* [[ultraviolet light]] Invisible rays that are part of the energy that comes from the sun. Ultraviolet light also comes from sun lamps and tanning beds. It can damage the skin and cause skin cancer.
* [[uniformity]] The quality of being consistently the same and not varying or fluctuating in color, size, weight, composition, or any other physical feature.
* [[urinary tract]] The organs involved in making and relieving the body of urine, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
* [[urine]] Excess liquids and wastes that have been filtered from the blood by the kidneys, stored in the bladder, and removed from the body through the urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body).
* [[uterus]] The small, hollow, pear-shaped organ in a woman's pelvis in which a fetus develops.
* [[vagina]] The muscular canal between the uterus and the outside of the body.
* [[valepotriate]] An active component of valerian. It has a sedative effect.
* [[valerenic acid]] An active component of valerian. It is has a sedative effect.
* [[valerian]] The roots of this plant are used by some cultures as an ingredient in mild sedatives and sleep aids for nervous tension and insomnia. It is being studied in improving sleep in patients undergoing treatment for cancer. Latin name: Valeriana officinalis.
* [[vascular]] Having to do with blood vessels.
* [[vasomotor]] Having to do with the narrowing and widening of blood vessels.
* [[vegan]] A person who eats only plant-based foods. Vegans do not eat meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk, dairy products, or honey, and do not use leather, silk, or wool, or soaps and cosmetics that are made from animal products.
* [[very low birth weight]] A baby weighing less than 3 pounds, 4 ounces at birth.
* [[vitamin]] A nutrient that the body needs in small amounts to function and maintain health. Examples are vitamins A, C, and E.
* [[volatile oil]] An oil that vaporizes easily and is responsible for the fragrance of some plants.
* [[volatile]] Describes a substance that evaporates quickly.
* [[volume]] The amount of space taken up by a substance; the amount of space a container can hold.
* [[well-being]] The state of feeling healthy, happy, and content. Well-being is affected by things such as physical and mental health, income, education, social support, attitude, values, stress, security, and other qualities of life.
* [[white blood cell]] WBC. A cell made by the bone marrow that helps the body fight infection and disease. WBCs include lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages, and mast cells.

Latest revision as of 14:06, 19 February 2023

  • Adverse reaction - an undesirable or harmful reaction to a treatment.
  • Amino acids amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. The body produces many amino acids and others come from food. The body absorbs amino acids through the small intestine into the blood. Then the blood carries them throughout the body.
  • Antagonist H2 receptor - a medication that decreases the amount of stomach acid produced. It is employed in the treatment of stomach ulcer (peptic ulcer) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
  • Blood glucose glucose — also called blood sugar — is the main sugar found in the blood and the main source of energy for your body.
  • Calories a unit of energy in food. Carbohydrates, fats, protein, and alcohol in the foods and drinks we eat provide food energy or "Calories."
  • Dehydration dehydration is a condition that happens when you do not take in enough liquids to replace those that you lose. You can lose liquids through frequent urinating, sweating, diarrhea, or vomiting. When you are dehydrated, your body does not have enough fluid and electrolytes to work properly.
  • Enzymes enzymes are substances that speed up chemical reactions in the body.
  • Fatty acid fatty acid is a major component of fats that is used by the body for energy and tissue development.
  • Fiber fiber is a substance in plants. Dietary fiber is the kind you eat. It's a type of carbohydrate. You may also see it listed on a food label as soluble fiber or insoluble fiber. Both types have important health benefits. Fiber makes you feel full faster, and stay full for a longer time. That can help you control your weight. It helps digestion and helps prevent constipation.
  • HDL hdl stands for high-density lipoproteins. It is also known as “good” cholesterol. Hdl is one of the two types of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol throughout your body. It carries the cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver. Your liver removes the cholesterol from your body.
  • LDL LDL stands for low-density lipoproteins. It is also known as “bad” cholesterol. Ldl is one of the two types of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol throughout your body. A high ldl level leads to a buildup of cholesterol in your arteries.
  • Monounsaturated fat monounsaturated fat is a type of fat is found in avocados, canola oil, nuts, olives and olive oil, and seeds. Eating food that has more monounsaturated fat (or "Healthy fat") instead of saturated fat (like butter) may help lower cholesterol and reduce heart disease risk. However, monounsaturated fat has the same number of calories as other types of fat and may contribute to weight gain if you eat too much of it.
  • Polyunsaturated fat polyunsaturated fat is a type of fat that is liquid at room temperature. There are two types of polyunsaturated fatty acids (pufas): omega-6 and omega-3. Omega-6 fatty acids are found in liquid vegetable oils, such as corn oil, safflower oil, and soybean oil. Omega-3 fatty acids come from plant sources—including canola oil, flaxseed, soybean oil, and walnuts—and from fish and shellfish.
  • Saturated fat saturated fat is a type of fat that is solid at room temperature. Saturated fat is found in full-fat dairy products (like butter, cheese, cream, regular ice cream, and whole milk), coconut oil, lard, palm oil, ready-to-eat meats, and the skin and fat of chicken and turkey, among other foods. Saturated fats have the same number of calories as other types of fat, and may contribute to weight gain if eaten in excess. Eating a diet high in saturated fat also raises blood cholesterol and risk of heart disease.
  • Sodium table salt is made up of the elements sodium and chlorine - the technical name for salt is sodium chloride. Your body needs some sodium to work properly. It helps with the function of nerves and muscles. It also helps to keep the right balance of fluids in your body.
  • Sugar sugars are a type of simple carbohydrate. They have a sweet taste. Sugars can be found naturally in fruits, vegetables, milk, and milk products. They are also added to many foods and drinks during preparation or processing. Types of sugar include glucose, fructose, and sucrose. Your digestive system breaks down sugar into glucose. Your cells use the glucose for energy.
  • Total fat fat is a type of nutrient. You need a certain amount of fat in your diet to stay healthy, but not too much. Fats give you energy and help your body absorb vitamins. Dietary fat also plays a major role in your cholesterol levels. Not all fats are the same. You should try to avoid saturated fats and trans fats.
  • Trans fat trans fat is a type of fat that is created when liquid oils are changed into solid fats, like shortening and some margarines. It makes them last longer without going bad. It may also be found in crackers, cookies, and snack foods. Trans fat raises your ldl (bad) cholesterol and lowers your hdl (good) cholesterol.
  • Triglycerides triglycerides are a type of fat found in your blood. Too much of this type of fat may raise the risk of coronary artery heart disease, especially in women.
  • Water intake we all need to drink water. How much you need depends on your size, activity level, and the weather where you live. Keeping track of your water intake helps make sure that you get enough. Your intake includes fluids that you drink, and fluids you get from food.
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