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Anti-obesity drugs are medications designed to help people lose weight by reducing appetite or increasing the feeling of fullness, or by interfering with the absorption of nutrients. These drugs are typically used in conjunction with lifestyle changes, such as diet and exercise, to achieve significant weight loss in people who are obese or [[overweight]].
{{Short description|Medications used to treat obesity and overweight as part of medical weight loss care}}
==Types of anti-obesity drugs==
{{Infobox medical intervention
* Appetite suppressants: appetite suppressants are medications that reduce feelings of hunger and can help people eat less. Examples of appetite suppressants include phentermine, [[lorcaserin]], and [[diethylpropion]].
| name        = Anti-obesity drugs
* Fat absorption inhibitors: fat absorption inhibitors are medications that prevent the body from absorbing fat from the diet. One example of a fat absorption inhibitor is orlistat, which works by inhibiting the activity of lipase, an enzyme that breaks down fat in the gut.
| image      =
* [[Combination drugs]]: combination drugs are medications that combine two or more anti-obesity drugs to increase their effectiveness. One example of a combination drug is phentermine/topiramate, which combines an appetite suppressant with an anticonvulsant medication.
| caption    =
==Benefits and risks of anti-obesity drugs==
| synonyms    = Weight loss medications, obesity pharmacotherapy, anti-obesity medications
* Anti-obesity drugs can be effective in helping people lose weight and reduce the risk of obesity-related health problems, such as type 2 diabetes, [[high blood pressure]], and [[heart disease]]. However, they are not without risks, and their use should be carefully monitored by a healthcare professional.
| specialty  = [[Obesity medicine]], [[endocrinology]], [[primary care]], [[bariatric medicine]]
==Some of the potential benefits of anti-obesity drugs include==
| uses        = [[Obesity]], [[overweight]], [[weight management]], [[weight loss]]
* Reduced appetite and food intake
| types      = [[GLP-1 receptor agonist]]s, [[GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist]]s, [[appetite suppressant]]s, [[fat absorption inhibitor]]s, [[combination drugs]], [[melanocortin-4 receptor agonist]]s
* Increased feeling of fullness after eating
}}
* Improved weight loss when used in conjunction with lifestyle changes
 
* Reduced risk of obesity-related health problems
'''Anti-obesity drugs''' are [[medication]]s used to help people with [[obesity]] or [[overweight]] lose weight, maintain [[weight loss]], and reduce obesity-related health risks. They may work by reducing [[appetite]], increasing the feeling of [[satiety]] or fullness, slowing [[gastric emptying]], altering [[neurohormonal]] signals involved in hunger, improving [[insulin resistance]], or decreasing absorption of dietary [[fat]]. Anti-obesity drugs are usually prescribed together with a [[reduced-calorie diet]], [[physical activity]], [[behavioral counseling]], and long-term [[weight management]] follow-up.
* Some of the potential risks of anti-obesity drugs include:
 
* Side effects such as nausea, [[diarrhea]], and headache
Modern [[obesity medicine]] includes both newer injectable [[incretin]] therapies, such as [[semaglutide]] and [[tirzepatide]], and traditional oral weight loss medications, such as [[phentermine]], [[orlistat]], [[phentermine/topiramate]], and [[naltrexone/bupropion]]. Some drugs are approved for long-term chronic weight management, while older sympathomimetic drugs are generally approved only for short-term use.
* Interactions with other medications
 
* Increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior in some people
==Overview==
* Reduced absorption of nutrients, particularly fat-soluble vitamins
[[Obesity]] is a chronic, relapsing, multifactorial medical condition involving [[energy balance]], [[genetics]], [[hormones]], [[appetite regulation]], [[sleep]], [[stress]], [[physical activity]], [[food environment]], and [[metabolism]]. Anti-obesity drugs are not simply cosmetic treatments; they are medical therapies intended for selected patients whose excess weight increases the risk of conditions such as [[type 2 diabetes]], [[high blood pressure]], [[dyslipidemia]], [[sleep apnea]], [[fatty liver disease]], [[osteoarthritis]], [[polycystic ovary syndrome]], and [[cardiovascular disease]].
* In addition, some anti-obesity drugs have been associated with serious health problems, including cardiovascular events such as heart attack and stroke. For this reason, the use of anti-obesity drugs should be carefully monitored by a healthcare professional.
 
* Anti-obesity medications are a class of drugs used to treat obesity by reducing appetite, increasing feelings of fullness, or interfering with the absorption of nutrients. These medications are often used in combination with lifestyle modifications, such as a healthy diet and exercise, to help people achieve significant weight loss.
The [[United States Food and Drug Administration]] has approved several medications for chronic weight management, including [[orlistat]], [[phentermine/topiramate]], [[naltrexone/bupropion]], [[liraglutide]], [[semaglutide]], and [[tirzepatide]].{{cite web|url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/weight-management/prescription-medications-treat-overweight-obesity|title=Prescription Medications to Treat Overweight & Obesity|publisher=[[National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases]]|access-date=2026-06-24}} [[Setmelanotide]] is also approved for selected rare genetic or hypothalamic forms of obesity and is not a general obesity medication for typical polygenic obesity.{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/news-events-human-drugs/fda-approves-first-treatment-weight-management-people-certain-rare-genetic-conditions|title=FDA approves first treatment for weight management in people with certain rare genetic conditions|publisher=[[United States Food and Drug Administration]]|date=2020-11-27|access-date=2026-06-24}}
==Types of anti-obesity medications==
 
* Appetite suppressants: appetite suppressants are medications that work by decreasing appetite, thereby reducing food intake. These medications include [[Contrave]], [[phentermine]], [[Phendimetrazine]], and [[diethylpropion]].
==Who may be considered for anti-obesity drugs==
* Fat absorption inhibitors: fat absorption inhibitors are medications that work by preventing the body from absorbing fat from the diet. The most commonly used fat absorption inhibitor is orlistat, which reduces the activity of lipase, an enzyme that breaks down fat in the gut.
Anti-obesity medications are commonly considered for adults with:
* Combination medications: combination medications are drugs that combine two or more anti-obesity medications to increase their effectiveness. One example of a combination medication is phentermine/topiramate, which combines an appetite suppressant with an anticonvulsant medication.
* [[Body mass index]] of 30 kg/m<sup>2</sup> or higher, also called [[obesity]].
* Glucagon-like peptide-1 (glp-1) agonists: glp-1 agonists are medications that mimic the effects of the hormone glp-1, which helps regulate blood sugar levels and can also reduce appetite. Examples of glp-1 agonists used for weight loss include liraglutide and semaglutide.
* [[Body mass index]] of 27 kg/m<sup>2</sup> or higher with at least one weight-related condition, such as [[type 2 diabetes]], [[hypertension]], [[dyslipidemia]], [[obstructive sleep apnea]], [[fatty liver]], or [[cardiovascular disease]].
==Benefits and risks of anti-obesity medications==
* Prior difficulty achieving or maintaining clinically meaningful [[weight loss]] with [[diet]], [[exercise]], and [[lifestyle changes]] alone.
* Anti-obesity medications can be effective in helping people achieve weight loss and reducing the risk of obesity-related health problems, such as type 2 diabetes, [[high blood pressure]], and [[heart disease]]. However, like all medications, they are not without risks and side effects.
* Medical need for structured [[weight management]] supervised by a qualified [[healthcare professional]].
* Some of the benefits of anti-obesity medications include:
 
* Increased feelings of fullness after eating
Medication selection depends on the patient’s [[medical history]], current [[medication]] list, [[blood pressure]], [[heart disease]] risk, [[kidney disease]], [[liver disease]], [[diabetes]], [[sleep apnea]], [[pregnancy]] status, insurance coverage, prior side effects, and weight loss goals.
* Some of the potential risks and side effects of anti-obesity medications include:
 
* Gastrointestinal side effects, such as nausea, [[diarrhea]], and constipation
==Major types of anti-obesity drugs==
* Increased heart rate and blood pressure
===GLP-1 receptor agonists===
* In addition, some anti-obesity medications have been associated with serious health problems, such as cardiovascular events like heart attack and stroke. For this reason, the use of anti-obesity medications should be carefully monitored by a healthcare professional.
[[GLP-1 receptor agonist]]s mimic the hormone [[glucagon-like peptide-1]], which helps regulate [[blood glucose]], [[insulin]], [[glucagon]], [[appetite]], and [[satiety]]. These medications may reduce hunger, help patients feel full sooner, slow [[gastric emptying]], and improve [[glycemic control]].
{{stub}}
 
FDA-approved GLP-1-based weight loss drugs include:
* [[Liraglutide]] 3 mg injection, marketed as [[Saxenda]], a once-daily [[GLP-1 receptor agonist]] approved for chronic weight management.
* [[Semaglutide]] injection, marketed as [[Wegovy]], a once-weekly [[GLP-1 receptor agonist]] approved for chronic weight management. The FDA approved Wegovy in 2021 for chronic weight management in adults with obesity or overweight with at least one weight-related condition.{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/news-events-human-drugs/fda-approves-new-drug-treatment-chronic-weight-management-first-2014|title=FDA approves new drug treatment for chronic weight management, first since 2014|publisher=[[United States Food and Drug Administration]]|date=2021-06-04|access-date=2026-06-24}}
* [[Wegovy HD]], a higher-dose [[semaglutide]] injection approved by the FDA in 2026 for weight loss and long-term maintenance in certain adult patients.{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-fourth-product-under-national-priority-voucher-program-higher-dose-semaglutide|title=FDA Approves Fourth Product Under National Priority Voucher Program: Higher Dose Semaglutide|publisher=[[United States Food and Drug Administration]]|date=2026-03-19|access-date=2026-06-24}}
* [[Wegovy tablet]], an oral [[semaglutide]] formulation reflected in FDA labeling updates for Wegovy tablets.{{cite web|url=https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2026/218316s002lbl.pdf|title=WEGOVY tablet prescribing information|publisher=[[United States Food and Drug Administration]]|date=2026|access-date=2026-06-24}}
 
Common side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists include [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], [[constipation]], [[abdominal pain]], [[reflux]], and reduced appetite. Less common but clinically important risks may include [[gallbladder disease]], [[pancreatitis]], dehydration, worsening [[gastroparesis]], and medication interactions related to delayed stomach emptying.
 
===Dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonists===
[[Tirzepatide]], marketed for weight loss as [[Zepbound]], is a dual [[GIP]] and [[GLP-1 receptor agonist]]. It activates both the [[glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide]] receptor and the [[GLP-1 receptor]], helping reduce appetite, improve fullness, and support weight reduction.
 
The FDA approved [[Zepbound]] for chronic weight management in adults with [[obesity]] or with [[overweight]] and at least one weight-related condition, in addition to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity.{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-medication-chronic-weight-management|title=FDA Approves New Medication for Chronic Weight Management|publisher=[[United States Food and Drug Administration]]|date=2023-11-08|access-date=2026-06-24}} In 2024, the FDA also approved [[Zepbound]] for adults with [[obesity]] and moderate-to-severe [[obstructive sleep apnea]], making it the first FDA-approved medication for that sleep-related indication.{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-medication-obstructive-sleep-apnea|title=FDA Approves First Medication for Obstructive Sleep Apnea|publisher=[[United States Food and Drug Administration]]|date=2024-12-20|access-date=2026-06-24}}
 
[[Mounjaro]] is the brand name of [[tirzepatide]] approved for [[type 2 diabetes]], while [[Zepbound]] is the brand name used for chronic weight management and obesity-related indications.
 
===Traditional appetite suppressants===
Traditional appetite suppressants include older [[sympathomimetic amine]] drugs that stimulate pathways related to [[norepinephrine]] and appetite control. These medications are generally intended for short-term use and require careful monitoring.
 
Examples include:
* [[Phentermine]]
* [[Phendimetrazine]]
* [[Diethylpropion]]
* [[Benzphetamine]]
 
These drugs may reduce hunger and improve adherence to a [[low-calorie diet]], but they can increase [[heart rate]], [[blood pressure]], [[insomnia]], [[anxiety]], [[dry mouth]], and [[palpitations]]. They are usually avoided or used with caution in patients with uncontrolled [[hypertension]], significant [[heart disease]], certain [[arrhythmia]]s, [[hyperthyroidism]], [[glaucoma]], or a history of medication misuse.
 
===Fat absorption inhibitors===
[[Orlistat]] is a [[fat absorption inhibitor]] that works in the [[gastrointestinal tract]] by inhibiting [[pancreatic lipase]] and reducing absorption of dietary [[triglyceride]] fat. Prescription [[orlistat]] is marketed as [[Xenical]], while lower-dose over-the-counter orlistat is marketed as [[Alli]].
 
Because orlistat reduces fat absorption, it can cause [[oily stool]], [[flatulence]], fecal urgency, and diarrhea, especially after high-fat meals. It can also reduce absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, including [[vitamin A]], [[vitamin D]], [[vitamin E]], and [[vitamin K]], so patients are often advised to take a [[multivitamin]] at a separate time of day.
 
===Combination drugs===
Combination anti-obesity drugs use more than one mechanism to improve weight loss.
 
Common examples include:
* [[Phentermine/topiramate]], marketed as [[Qsymia]], combines the appetite-suppressing effect of [[phentermine]] with [[topiramate]], a medication that may affect appetite, cravings, and satiety.
* [[Naltrexone/bupropion]], marketed as [[Contrave]], combines [[naltrexone]], an [[opioid receptor antagonist]], with [[bupropion]], a [[dopamine]] and [[norepinephrine]] reuptake inhibitor, to affect reward-driven eating and appetite regulation.
 
These medications have specific contraindications. [[Qsymia]] can cause birth defects and requires pregnancy precautions in patients who can become pregnant. [[Contrave]] carries warnings related to [[seizure]] risk, [[blood pressure]], [[suicidal thoughts]], and use with [[opioid]] medications.
 
===Melanocortin-4 receptor agonists===
[[Setmelanotide]], marketed as [[Imcivree]], is a [[melanocortin-4 receptor agonist]] used for specific rare obesity disorders involving the [[MC4R pathway]]. It is not a routine medication for common obesity. It has been approved for chronic weight management in selected genetic obesity conditions such as [[POMC deficiency]], [[PCSK1 deficiency]], [[LEPR deficiency]], and [[Bardet-Biedl syndrome]], and the FDA has also approved expanded use for acquired hypothalamic obesity.{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/news-events-human-drugs/fda-approves-first-treatment-weight-management-people-certain-rare-genetic-conditions|title=FDA approves first treatment for weight management in people with certain rare genetic conditions|publisher=[[United States Food and Drug Administration]]|date=2020-11-27|access-date=2026-06-24}}{{cite web|url=https://ir.rhythmtx.com/news-releases/news-release-details/rhythm-pharmaceuticals-announces-fda-approval-imcivreer-1|title=Rhythm Pharmaceuticals Announces FDA Approval of IMCIVREE for Patients with Acquired Hypothalamic Obesity|publisher=[[Rhythm Pharmaceuticals]]|date=2026-03-19|access-date=2026-06-24}}
 
==FDA-approved anti-obesity drugs in the United States==
The following table summarizes major FDA-approved drugs used for weight management in the United States. Exact indications, age limits, contraindications, dosing, and insurance coverage may change and should be verified from current prescribing information.
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Drug or brand
! Generic name
! Drug class
! Usual role in obesity care
! Notes
|-
| [[Wegovy]]
| [[Semaglutide]]
| [[GLP-1 receptor agonist]]
| Chronic [[weight management]]
| Weekly injection; FDA-approved for chronic weight management; also approved to reduce risk of major cardiovascular events in certain adults with [[cardiovascular disease]] and obesity or overweight.{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-treatment-reduce-risk-serious-heart-problems-specifically-adults-obesity-or|title=FDA Approves First Treatment to Reduce Risk of Serious Heart Problems Specifically in Adults with Obesity or Overweight|publisher=[[United States Food and Drug Administration]]|date=2024-03-08|access-date=2026-06-24}}
|-
| [[Wegovy HD]]
| [[Semaglutide]]
| [[GLP-1 receptor agonist]]
| Higher-dose chronic [[weight management]]
| Higher-dose semaglutide injection approved in 2026 for selected adult patients.{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-fourth-product-under-national-priority-voucher-program-higher-dose-semaglutide|title=FDA Approves Fourth Product Under National Priority Voucher Program: Higher Dose Semaglutide|publisher=[[United States Food and Drug Administration]]|date=2026-03-19|access-date=2026-06-24}}
|-
| [[Zepbound]]
| [[Tirzepatide]]
| Dual [[GIP]]/[[GLP-1 receptor agonist]]
| Chronic [[weight management]]
| Weekly injection; also FDA-approved for moderate-to-severe [[obstructive sleep apnea]] in adults with obesity.{{cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-medication-obstructive-sleep-apnea|title=FDA Approves First Medication for Obstructive Sleep Apnea|publisher=[[United States Food and Drug Administration]]|date=2024-12-20|access-date=2026-06-24}}
|-
| [[Saxenda]]
| [[Liraglutide]]
| [[GLP-1 receptor agonist]]
| Chronic [[weight management]]
| Daily injection; used for weight management in adults and certain adolescents.
|-
| [[Qsymia]]
| [[Phentermine/topiramate]]
| [[Combination drugs|Combination medication]]
| Chronic [[weight management]]
| Oral medication combining [[phentermine]] and [[topiramate]].
|-
| [[Contrave]]
| [[Naltrexone/bupropion]]
| [[Combination drugs|Combination medication]]
| Chronic [[weight management]]
| Oral medication affecting appetite and reward-related eating pathways.
|-
| [[Xenical]]
| [[Orlistat]]
| [[Fat absorption inhibitor]]
| Chronic [[weight management]]
| Prescription-strength orlistat.
|-
| [[Alli]]
| [[Orlistat]]
| [[Fat absorption inhibitor]]
| Over-the-counter weight loss aid
| Lower-dose orlistat available without prescription.
|-
| [[Phentermine]]
| [[Phentermine]]
| [[Appetite suppressant]]
| Short-term weight loss treatment
| Traditional sympathomimetic appetite suppressant; requires monitoring of [[blood pressure]], [[heart rate]], and contraindications.
|-
| [[Phendimetrazine]]
| [[Phendimetrazine]]
| [[Appetite suppressant]]
| Short-term weight loss treatment
| Traditional sympathomimetic appetite suppressant.
|-
| [[Diethylpropion]]
| [[Diethylpropion]]
| [[Appetite suppressant]]
| Short-term weight loss treatment
| Traditional sympathomimetic appetite suppressant.
|-
| [[Benzphetamine]]
| [[Benzphetamine]]
| [[Appetite suppressant]]
| Short-term weight loss treatment
| Traditional sympathomimetic appetite suppressant.
|-
| [[Imcivree]]
| [[Setmelanotide]]
| [[Melanocortin-4 receptor agonist]]
| Rare genetic or hypothalamic obesity
| Not for common polygenic obesity; used for specific rare obesity disorders.
|}
 
==GLP-1 and incretin-based weight loss injections==
The most important recent change in anti-obesity medicine is the rise of [[incretin]]-based therapy. These drugs are often called “[[GLP-1 weight loss injections]]” by patients, although not all of them are pure GLP-1 drugs.
 
===Semaglutide===
[[Semaglutide]] is a [[GLP-1 receptor agonist]]. For weight management, it is best known as [[Wegovy]]. Semaglutide promotes weight loss by increasing satiety, reducing appetite, and slowing stomach emptying. It is also used in other formulations for [[type 2 diabetes]], such as [[Ozempic]] and [[Rybelsus]], but those diabetes brands are not the same as Wegovy for obesity treatment.
 
===Tirzepatide===
[[Tirzepatide]] is a dual [[GIP]]/[[GLP-1 receptor agonist]]. It is marketed as [[Zepbound]] for weight management and as [[Mounjaro]] for [[type 2 diabetes]]. Zepbound is one of the most effective approved pharmacologic options for chronic weight management and is especially relevant at W8MD because many patients with obesity also have [[insulin resistance]], [[prediabetes]], [[type 2 diabetes]], or [[sleep apnea]].
 
===Liraglutide===
[[Liraglutide]] is a daily [[GLP-1 receptor agonist]] marketed as [[Saxenda]] for obesity treatment. It is an earlier GLP-1 medication and may still be considered when clinically appropriate, depending on patient profile, availability, insurance, and tolerance.
 
==Traditional diet pills==
Traditional weight loss medications still have a role in obesity care, especially when GLP-1 access is limited by [[insurance coverage]], cost, supply, contraindications, or side effects.
 
===Phentermine===
[[Phentermine]] is one of the oldest and most widely used prescription weight loss drugs in the United States. It is an [[appetite suppressant]] that may help reduce hunger and improve adherence to a [[low-calorie diet]]. It is generally used short-term and requires monitoring of [[blood pressure]], [[heart rate]], sleep, mood, and side effects.
 
===Phendimetrazine and diethylpropion===
[[Phendimetrazine]] and [[diethylpropion]] are traditional appetite suppressants. They may be considered in selected patients but are not suitable for everyone, especially those with uncontrolled [[hypertension]], [[heart disease]], or certain psychiatric or substance-use histories.
 
===Orlistat===
[[Orlistat]] is different from appetite suppressants because it works in the gut by reducing absorption of dietary fat. It may be useful for some patients who prefer a non-stimulant option, but gastrointestinal side effects often limit adherence.
 
===Qsymia===
[[Qsymia]] combines [[phentermine]] and [[topiramate]]. It can produce greater weight loss than phentermine alone but requires careful review of contraindications, pregnancy risk, mood effects, cognitive side effects, and medication interactions.
 
===Contrave===
[[Contrave]] combines [[naltrexone]] and [[bupropion]]. It may be helpful for appetite, cravings, and reward-driven eating in selected patients, but it should not be used with chronic opioid therapy and requires attention to seizure risk, mood history, and blood pressure.
 
==Emerging and investigational anti-obesity drugs==
Several emerging obesity medications are under development. These drugs may become important future options, but they should not be described as FDA-approved until approval has occurred.
 
===Retatrutide===
[[Retatrutide]], sometimes misspelled as ''Ritatrutide'', is an investigational triple-hormone receptor agonist that targets [[GIP]], [[GLP-1]], and [[glucagon receptor]] pathways. In a phase 2 trial published in ''[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]'', retatrutide produced substantial body-weight reductions in adults with obesity, including a mean weight reduction of 24.2% at 48 weeks in the 12-mg dose group.{{cite journal|last=Jastreboff|first=A. M.|display-authors=etal|title=Triple–Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity|journal=The New England Journal of Medicine|year=2023|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2301972|url=https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2301972|access-date=2026-06-24}} Retatrutide remains investigational for obesity unless and until it receives FDA approval.
 
===Orforglipron===
[[Orforglipron]] is an investigational oral [[GLP-1 receptor agonist]] being studied for [[obesity]] and [[type 2 diabetes]]. If approved, oral incretin therapy may expand options for patients who prefer to avoid injections.
 
===CagriSema===
[[CagriSema]] is an investigational combination of [[cagrilintide]], an [[amylin analog]], and [[semaglutide]], a [[GLP-1 receptor agonist]]. It is being studied for chronic weight management and may become part of future combination incretin-based obesity treatment.
 
===Other pipeline approaches===
Other investigational approaches include:
* [[Amylin analog]]s that increase satiety.
* [[Glucagon receptor]] combinations that may increase [[energy expenditure]].
* Oral [[incretin]] therapies.
* Newer multi-agonist peptides targeting [[GLP-1]], [[GIP]], [[glucagon]], or related metabolic pathways.
* Drugs designed for specific genetic, hypothalamic, or neuroendocrine causes of obesity.
 
==Benefits of anti-obesity drugs==
Potential benefits of anti-obesity medications include:
* Reduced [[appetite]] and [[food cravings]].
* Increased [[satiety]] after meals.
* Greater adherence to a [[reduced-calorie diet]].
* Improved [[weight loss]] compared with lifestyle treatment alone.
* Improved [[blood glucose]] in patients with [[prediabetes]] or [[type 2 diabetes]].
* Lower [[blood pressure]] in some patients after weight loss.
* Improvement in [[dyslipidemia]].
* Improvement in [[fatty liver]] markers for some patients.
* Reduced [[waist circumference]] and [[visceral fat]].
* Improvement in obesity-related [[sleep apnea]] for some patients, especially with clinically meaningful weight loss.
* Reduced long-term risk of some obesity-related complications.
 
==Risks and side effects==
Anti-obesity drugs can cause side effects and must be matched to the patient’s medical history.
 
Common risks and adverse effects may include:
* [[Nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], [[constipation]], and [[abdominal pain]], especially with [[GLP-1 receptor agonist]]s and [[tirzepatide]].
* [[Dehydration]] or worsening kidney function if vomiting or diarrhea is severe.
* [[Gallstones]] or [[gallbladder disease]] during rapid weight loss.
* Possible [[pancreatitis]] risk in susceptible patients.
* Increased [[heart rate]] or [[blood pressure]] with stimulant appetite suppressants.
* [[Insomnia]], [[anxiety]], [[dry mouth]], or palpitations with sympathomimetic medications.
* Oily stool, fecal urgency, and reduced absorption of [[fat-soluble vitamin]]s with [[orlistat]].
* Mood changes or [[suicidal ideation]] warnings with some medications.
* Potential medication interactions, including interactions with [[opioid]] therapy for [[naltrexone/bupropion]].
* Pregnancy-related concerns, especially with [[phentermine/topiramate]], which requires strict pregnancy precautions.
 
Patients should seek urgent medical care for severe abdominal pain, signs of [[pancreatitis]], symptoms of allergic reaction, severe dehydration, chest pain, fainting, suicidal thoughts, or other serious symptoms.
 
==Contraindications and cautions==
Anti-obesity medications may not be appropriate for everyone. Contraindications and cautions vary by drug but may include:
* [[Pregnancy]] or plans for pregnancy.
* Personal or family history of certain endocrine tumors, depending on the medication.
* Severe [[gastrointestinal disease]] or [[gastroparesis]].
* Uncontrolled [[hypertension]].
* Significant [[cardiovascular disease]].
* [[Glaucoma]].
* [[Hyperthyroidism]].
* History of [[seizure disorder]].
* Current chronic [[opioid]] use.
* Severe [[kidney disease]] or [[liver disease]].
* History of [[eating disorder]], depending on the medication and clinical context.
* Use of interacting drugs such as [[monoamine oxidase inhibitor]]s.
 
==Lifestyle treatment remains essential==
Anti-obesity drugs work best when combined with structured lifestyle treatment. Core elements include:
* A personalized [[reduced-calorie diet]].
* Adequate [[protein]] intake to preserve [[lean body mass]].
* [[Portion control]] and [[food journal]] tracking.
* [[Low-carbohydrate diet]], [[Mediterranean diet]], [[high-protein diet]], or [[very-low-calorie diet]] when clinically appropriate.
* [[Meal replacement]] plans for selected patients.
* Regular [[physical activity]], including [[aerobic exercise]] and [[strength training]].
* Improved [[sleep hygiene]] and treatment of [[sleep apnea]].
* Stress management and behavioral support for [[emotional eating]].
* Long-term follow-up to prevent [[weight regain]].
 
==How W8MD Weight Loss, Sleep and Medspa can help==
[[W8MD Weight Loss, Sleep and Medspa]] centers provide physician-supervised medical weight loss care for patients with [[obesity]], [[overweight]], [[insulin resistance]], [[prediabetes]], [[type 2 diabetes]], [[PCOS]], [[sleep apnea]], and other weight-related conditions. W8MD can help patients understand whether anti-obesity medication is appropriate and which option best fits their medical history, goals, insurance, and budget.
 
Services may include:
* Comprehensive [[medical weight loss]] evaluation.
* Measurement of [[body mass index]], [[waist circumference]], weight history, and obesity-related risk factors.
* Screening for [[type 2 diabetes]], [[prediabetes]], [[insulin resistance]], [[thyroid disease]], [[fatty liver]], [[sleep apnea]], and other conditions.
* Prescription of FDA-approved anti-obesity medications when medically appropriate.
* Access to GLP-1 and incretin-based options such as [[semaglutide]], [[Wegovy]], [[tirzepatide]], and [[Zepbound]] when clinically indicated and available.
* Traditional medications such as [[phentermine]], [[topiramate]], [[phentermine/topiramate]], [[Contrave]], [[orlistat]], or other options when appropriate.
* [[Prior authorization]] support for insurance-covered anti-obesity drugs.
* Guidance for patients who do not have medication coverage or who need self-pay alternatives.
* Structured [[low-calorie diet]], [[very-low-calorie diet]], [[low-carbohydrate diet]], [[high-protein diet]], and [[meal replacement]] plans.
* [[Protein shakes]], [[meal replacements]], [[B12 shots]], [[Lipo B shot]]s, and nutritional support when appropriate.
* [[Home sleep study]] testing and treatment pathways for [[obstructive sleep apnea]].
* Integration of weight loss and sleep care, especially for patients whose obesity contributes to [[snoring]], [[sleep apnea]], fatigue, or metabolic problems.
* Long-term monitoring for side effects, medication tolerance, weight plateaus, and weight maintenance.
* [[Medical aesthetics]], [[microneedling]], [[oxygen facials]], and medspa services for selected patients seeking supportive aesthetic care during or after weight loss.
 
W8MD emphasizes that anti-obesity medication is not a substitute for lifestyle change. Instead, medication is used as part of a supervised plan that combines [[nutrition]], [[physical activity]], [[sleep medicine]], [[behavioral support]], and medical monitoring.
 
==Monitoring during treatment==
Patients taking anti-obesity drugs should be followed regularly to assess:
* Weight, [[body mass index]], and [[waist circumference]].
* [[Blood pressure]] and [[heart rate]].
* Side effects and medication tolerance.
* [[Blood glucose]], [[A1C]], and diabetes medication needs.
* [[Lipid profile]] and metabolic risk.
* [[Kidney function]] and [[liver function]] when indicated.
* Symptoms of [[sleep apnea]], [[insomnia]], or fatigue.
* Adequate intake of [[protein]], [[fiber]], [[vitamin]]s, and minerals.
* Need for dose adjustment, medication change, or discontinuation.
 
==Stopping or changing medication==
Anti-obesity medications may be stopped or changed if:
* The medication is ineffective after an adequate trial.
* Side effects are intolerable.
* A contraindication develops.
* The patient becomes pregnant or plans pregnancy.
* Insurance coverage changes.
* A safer or more effective medication becomes available.
* The patient reaches a maintenance phase and chooses a different long-term plan.
 
Because weight regain is common after stopping medication, discontinuation should usually be paired with a maintenance plan that includes [[dietary management]], [[physical activity]], [[sleep optimization]], and follow-up.
 
==See also==
* [[Obesity]]
* [[Overweight]]
* [[Body mass index]]
* [[Medical weight loss]]
* [[Weight loss medications]]
* [[Anti-obesity drugs]]
* [[GLP-1 receptor agonist]]
* [[Semaglutide]]
* [[Tirzepatide]]
* [[Wegovy]]
* [[Zepbound]]
* [[Saxenda]]
* [[Contrave]]
* [[Qsymia]]
* [[Phentermine]]
* [[Orlistat]]
* [[Sleep apnea]]
* [[W8MD Weight Loss, Sleep and Medspa]]
 
==External links==
* [https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/weight-management/prescription-medications-treat-overweight-obesity NIDDK - Prescription medications to treat overweight and obesity]
* [https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-medication-chronic-weight-management FDA - Zepbound approval for chronic weight management]
* [https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-medication-obstructive-sleep-apnea FDA - Zepbound approval for obstructive sleep apnea]
* [https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2301972 New England Journal of Medicine - Retatrutide phase 2 obesity trial]
 
{{W8MD}}
[[Category:Anti-obesity drugs]]
[[Category:Weight loss medications]]
[[Category:Obesity medicine]]
[[Category:Medical weight loss]]
[[Category:W8MD]]
[[Category:GLP-1 receptor agonists]]
[[Category:Sleep apnea]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]

Revision as of 15:36, 24 June 2026

Medications used to treat obesity and overweight as part of medical weight loss care

Anti-obesity drugs


Synonyms Weight loss medications, obesity pharmacotherapy, anti-obesity medications
Specialty Obesity medicine, endocrinology, primary care, bariatric medicine
Uses Obesity, overweight, weight management, weight loss
Types GLP-1 receptor agonists, GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonists, appetite suppressants, fat absorption inhibitors, combination drugs, melanocortin-4 receptor agonists






Anti-obesity drugs are medications used to help people with obesity or overweight lose weight, maintain weight loss, and reduce obesity-related health risks. They may work by reducing appetite, increasing the feeling of satiety or fullness, slowing gastric emptying, altering neurohormonal signals involved in hunger, improving insulin resistance, or decreasing absorption of dietary fat. Anti-obesity drugs are usually prescribed together with a reduced-calorie diet, physical activity, behavioral counseling, and long-term weight management follow-up.

Modern obesity medicine includes both newer injectable incretin therapies, such as semaglutide and tirzepatide, and traditional oral weight loss medications, such as phentermine, orlistat, phentermine/topiramate, and naltrexone/bupropion. Some drugs are approved for long-term chronic weight management, while older sympathomimetic drugs are generally approved only for short-term use.

Overview

Obesity is a chronic, relapsing, multifactorial medical condition involving energy balance, genetics, hormones, appetite regulation, sleep, stress, physical activity, food environment, and metabolism. Anti-obesity drugs are not simply cosmetic treatments; they are medical therapies intended for selected patients whose excess weight increases the risk of conditions such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, dyslipidemia, sleep apnea, fatty liver disease, osteoarthritis, polycystic ovary syndrome, and cardiovascular disease.

The United States Food and Drug Administration has approved several medications for chronic weight management, including orlistat, phentermine/topiramate, naltrexone/bupropion, liraglutide, semaglutide, and tirzepatide.Prescription Medications to Treat Overweight & Obesity(link). National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases.Accessed 2026-06-24. Setmelanotide is also approved for selected rare genetic or hypothalamic forms of obesity and is not a general obesity medication for typical polygenic obesity.FDA approves first treatment for weight management in people with certain rare genetic conditions(link). United States Food and Drug Administration.2020-11-27.Accessed 2026-06-24.

Who may be considered for anti-obesity drugs

Anti-obesity medications are commonly considered for adults with:

Medication selection depends on the patient’s medical history, current medication list, blood pressure, heart disease risk, kidney disease, liver disease, diabetes, sleep apnea, pregnancy status, insurance coverage, prior side effects, and weight loss goals.

Major types of anti-obesity drugs

GLP-1 receptor agonists

GLP-1 receptor agonists mimic the hormone glucagon-like peptide-1, which helps regulate blood glucose, insulin, glucagon, appetite, and satiety. These medications may reduce hunger, help patients feel full sooner, slow gastric emptying, and improve glycemic control.

FDA-approved GLP-1-based weight loss drugs include:

Common side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, abdominal pain, reflux, and reduced appetite. Less common but clinically important risks may include gallbladder disease, pancreatitis, dehydration, worsening gastroparesis, and medication interactions related to delayed stomach emptying.

Dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonists

Tirzepatide, marketed for weight loss as Zepbound, is a dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist. It activates both the glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor and the GLP-1 receptor, helping reduce appetite, improve fullness, and support weight reduction.

The FDA approved Zepbound for chronic weight management in adults with obesity or with overweight and at least one weight-related condition, in addition to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity.FDA Approves New Medication for Chronic Weight Management(link). United States Food and Drug Administration.2023-11-08.Accessed 2026-06-24. In 2024, the FDA also approved Zepbound for adults with obesity and moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea, making it the first FDA-approved medication for that sleep-related indication.FDA Approves First Medication for Obstructive Sleep Apnea(link). United States Food and Drug Administration.2024-12-20.Accessed 2026-06-24.

Mounjaro is the brand name of tirzepatide approved for type 2 diabetes, while Zepbound is the brand name used for chronic weight management and obesity-related indications.

Traditional appetite suppressants

Traditional appetite suppressants include older sympathomimetic amine drugs that stimulate pathways related to norepinephrine and appetite control. These medications are generally intended for short-term use and require careful monitoring.

Examples include:

These drugs may reduce hunger and improve adherence to a low-calorie diet, but they can increase heart rate, blood pressure, insomnia, anxiety, dry mouth, and palpitations. They are usually avoided or used with caution in patients with uncontrolled hypertension, significant heart disease, certain arrhythmias, hyperthyroidism, glaucoma, or a history of medication misuse.

Fat absorption inhibitors

Orlistat is a fat absorption inhibitor that works in the gastrointestinal tract by inhibiting pancreatic lipase and reducing absorption of dietary triglyceride fat. Prescription orlistat is marketed as Xenical, while lower-dose over-the-counter orlistat is marketed as Alli.

Because orlistat reduces fat absorption, it can cause oily stool, flatulence, fecal urgency, and diarrhea, especially after high-fat meals. It can also reduce absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K, so patients are often advised to take a multivitamin at a separate time of day.

Combination drugs

Combination anti-obesity drugs use more than one mechanism to improve weight loss.

Common examples include:

These medications have specific contraindications. Qsymia can cause birth defects and requires pregnancy precautions in patients who can become pregnant. Contrave carries warnings related to seizure risk, blood pressure, suicidal thoughts, and use with opioid medications.

Melanocortin-4 receptor agonists

Setmelanotide, marketed as Imcivree, is a melanocortin-4 receptor agonist used for specific rare obesity disorders involving the MC4R pathway. It is not a routine medication for common obesity. It has been approved for chronic weight management in selected genetic obesity conditions such as POMC deficiency, PCSK1 deficiency, LEPR deficiency, and Bardet-Biedl syndrome, and the FDA has also approved expanded use for acquired hypothalamic obesity.FDA approves first treatment for weight management in people with certain rare genetic conditions(link). United States Food and Drug Administration.2020-11-27.Accessed 2026-06-24.Rhythm Pharmaceuticals Announces FDA Approval of IMCIVREE for Patients with Acquired Hypothalamic Obesity(link). Rhythm Pharmaceuticals.2026-03-19.Accessed 2026-06-24.

FDA-approved anti-obesity drugs in the United States

The following table summarizes major FDA-approved drugs used for weight management in the United States. Exact indications, age limits, contraindications, dosing, and insurance coverage may change and should be verified from current prescribing information.

Drug or brand Generic name Drug class Usual role in obesity care Notes
Wegovy Semaglutide GLP-1 receptor agonist Chronic weight management Weekly injection; FDA-approved for chronic weight management; also approved to reduce risk of major cardiovascular events in certain adults with cardiovascular disease and obesity or overweight.FDA Approves First Treatment to Reduce Risk of Serious Heart Problems Specifically in Adults with Obesity or Overweight(link). United States Food and Drug Administration.2024-03-08.Accessed 2026-06-24.
Wegovy HD Semaglutide GLP-1 receptor agonist Higher-dose chronic weight management Higher-dose semaglutide injection approved in 2026 for selected adult patients.FDA Approves Fourth Product Under National Priority Voucher Program: Higher Dose Semaglutide(link). United States Food and Drug Administration.2026-03-19.Accessed 2026-06-24.
Zepbound Tirzepatide Dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist Chronic weight management Weekly injection; also FDA-approved for moderate-to-severe obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity.FDA Approves First Medication for Obstructive Sleep Apnea(link). United States Food and Drug Administration.2024-12-20.Accessed 2026-06-24.
Saxenda Liraglutide GLP-1 receptor agonist Chronic weight management Daily injection; used for weight management in adults and certain adolescents.
Qsymia Phentermine/topiramate Combination medication Chronic weight management Oral medication combining phentermine and topiramate.
Contrave Naltrexone/bupropion Combination medication Chronic weight management Oral medication affecting appetite and reward-related eating pathways.
Xenical Orlistat Fat absorption inhibitor Chronic weight management Prescription-strength orlistat.
Alli Orlistat Fat absorption inhibitor Over-the-counter weight loss aid Lower-dose orlistat available without prescription.
Phentermine Phentermine Appetite suppressant Short-term weight loss treatment Traditional sympathomimetic appetite suppressant; requires monitoring of blood pressure, heart rate, and contraindications.
Phendimetrazine Phendimetrazine Appetite suppressant Short-term weight loss treatment Traditional sympathomimetic appetite suppressant.
Diethylpropion Diethylpropion Appetite suppressant Short-term weight loss treatment Traditional sympathomimetic appetite suppressant.
Benzphetamine Benzphetamine Appetite suppressant Short-term weight loss treatment Traditional sympathomimetic appetite suppressant.
Imcivree Setmelanotide Melanocortin-4 receptor agonist Rare genetic or hypothalamic obesity Not for common polygenic obesity; used for specific rare obesity disorders.

GLP-1 and incretin-based weight loss injections

The most important recent change in anti-obesity medicine is the rise of incretin-based therapy. These drugs are often called “GLP-1 weight loss injections” by patients, although not all of them are pure GLP-1 drugs.

Semaglutide

Semaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist. For weight management, it is best known as Wegovy. Semaglutide promotes weight loss by increasing satiety, reducing appetite, and slowing stomach emptying. It is also used in other formulations for type 2 diabetes, such as Ozempic and Rybelsus, but those diabetes brands are not the same as Wegovy for obesity treatment.

Tirzepatide

Tirzepatide is a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonist. It is marketed as Zepbound for weight management and as Mounjaro for type 2 diabetes. Zepbound is one of the most effective approved pharmacologic options for chronic weight management and is especially relevant at W8MD because many patients with obesity also have insulin resistance, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, or sleep apnea.

Liraglutide

Liraglutide is a daily GLP-1 receptor agonist marketed as Saxenda for obesity treatment. It is an earlier GLP-1 medication and may still be considered when clinically appropriate, depending on patient profile, availability, insurance, and tolerance.

Traditional diet pills

Traditional weight loss medications still have a role in obesity care, especially when GLP-1 access is limited by insurance coverage, cost, supply, contraindications, or side effects.

Phentermine

Phentermine is one of the oldest and most widely used prescription weight loss drugs in the United States. It is an appetite suppressant that may help reduce hunger and improve adherence to a low-calorie diet. It is generally used short-term and requires monitoring of blood pressure, heart rate, sleep, mood, and side effects.

Phendimetrazine and diethylpropion

Phendimetrazine and diethylpropion are traditional appetite suppressants. They may be considered in selected patients but are not suitable for everyone, especially those with uncontrolled hypertension, heart disease, or certain psychiatric or substance-use histories.

Orlistat

Orlistat is different from appetite suppressants because it works in the gut by reducing absorption of dietary fat. It may be useful for some patients who prefer a non-stimulant option, but gastrointestinal side effects often limit adherence.

Qsymia

Qsymia combines phentermine and topiramate. It can produce greater weight loss than phentermine alone but requires careful review of contraindications, pregnancy risk, mood effects, cognitive side effects, and medication interactions.

Contrave

Contrave combines naltrexone and bupropion. It may be helpful for appetite, cravings, and reward-driven eating in selected patients, but it should not be used with chronic opioid therapy and requires attention to seizure risk, mood history, and blood pressure.

Emerging and investigational anti-obesity drugs

Several emerging obesity medications are under development. These drugs may become important future options, but they should not be described as FDA-approved until approval has occurred.

Retatrutide

Retatrutide, sometimes misspelled as Ritatrutide, is an investigational triple-hormone receptor agonist that targets GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor pathways. In a phase 2 trial published in The New England Journal of Medicine, retatrutide produced substantial body-weight reductions in adults with obesity, including a mean weight reduction of 24.2% at 48 weeks in the 12-mg dose group.Jastreboff, A. M.."Triple–Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity".The New England Journal of Medicine.2023;doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2301972.Full text. Retatrutide remains investigational for obesity unless and until it receives FDA approval.

Orforglipron

Orforglipron is an investigational oral GLP-1 receptor agonist being studied for obesity and type 2 diabetes. If approved, oral incretin therapy may expand options for patients who prefer to avoid injections.

CagriSema

CagriSema is an investigational combination of cagrilintide, an amylin analog, and semaglutide, a GLP-1 receptor agonist. It is being studied for chronic weight management and may become part of future combination incretin-based obesity treatment.

Other pipeline approaches

Other investigational approaches include:

Benefits of anti-obesity drugs

Potential benefits of anti-obesity medications include:

Risks and side effects

Anti-obesity drugs can cause side effects and must be matched to the patient’s medical history.

Common risks and adverse effects may include:

Patients should seek urgent medical care for severe abdominal pain, signs of pancreatitis, symptoms of allergic reaction, severe dehydration, chest pain, fainting, suicidal thoughts, or other serious symptoms.

Contraindications and cautions

Anti-obesity medications may not be appropriate for everyone. Contraindications and cautions vary by drug but may include:

Lifestyle treatment remains essential

Anti-obesity drugs work best when combined with structured lifestyle treatment. Core elements include:

How W8MD Weight Loss, Sleep and Medspa can help

W8MD Weight Loss, Sleep and Medspa centers provide physician-supervised medical weight loss care for patients with obesity, overweight, insulin resistance, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, PCOS, sleep apnea, and other weight-related conditions. W8MD can help patients understand whether anti-obesity medication is appropriate and which option best fits their medical history, goals, insurance, and budget.

Services may include:

W8MD emphasizes that anti-obesity medication is not a substitute for lifestyle change. Instead, medication is used as part of a supervised plan that combines nutrition, physical activity, sleep medicine, behavioral support, and medical monitoring.

Monitoring during treatment

Patients taking anti-obesity drugs should be followed regularly to assess:

Stopping or changing medication

Anti-obesity medications may be stopped or changed if:

  • The medication is ineffective after an adequate trial.
  • Side effects are intolerable.
  • A contraindication develops.
  • The patient becomes pregnant or plans pregnancy.
  • Insurance coverage changes.
  • A safer or more effective medication becomes available.
  • The patient reaches a maintenance phase and chooses a different long-term plan.

Because weight regain is common after stopping medication, discontinuation should usually be paired with a maintenance plan that includes dietary management, physical activity, sleep optimization, and follow-up.

See also

External links


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