Glossary of diabetes

• Acanthosis nigricans a skin condition characterized by dark, thickened patches of skin, often seen in people with insulin resistance and/or diabetes.
• Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors a type of medication used to treat type 2 diabetes by slowing the absorption of carbohydrates in the digestive system.
• Atherosclerosis a condition in which the arteries become narrowed or blocked due to the buildup of fatty deposits, often seen in people with diabetes and an increased risk of heart disease.
• Basal insulin a long-acting insulin that provides a steady supply of insulin throughout the day, often used as a basal rate in insulin therapy.
• Basal rate the rate at which a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (csii) device delivers a small, steady amount of insulin throughout the day.
• Basal-bolus insulin therapy a method of insulin dosing in which a long-acting insulin is administered as a basal rate, with additional doses of short-acting insulin (bolus) given to cover meals or correct high blood sugar levels.
• Blood glucose the amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood.
• Bolus a dose of insulin delivered through an insulin pump or injection to cover a specific meal or to correct high blood sugar levels.
• Carbohydrate counting a method of meal planning in which carbohydrate intake is carefully monitored to help regulate blood sugar levels.
• Continuous glucose monitoring (cgm) a device that continuously measures blood sugar levels and alerts the wearer when levels are too high or too low.
• Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (csii) a method of insulin delivery that uses a small pump to administer a continuous flow of insulin into the body through a subcutaneous catheter.
• Continuous glucose monitoring (cgm) system a device that continuously measures blood sugar levels and provides real-time feedback on changes in blood sugar levels.
• Dawn phenomenon a natural rise in blood sugar levels that occurs in the early morning, often seen in people with diabetes.
• Diabetes a medical condition in which the body has difficulty regulating blood sugar levels, leading to high blood sugar (hyperglycemia).
• Diabetic foot ulcer a sore or wound on the foot caused by nerve damage and reduced blood flow associated with diabetes.
• Diabetic ketoacidosis (dka) alert bracelet a bracelet worn by people with diabetes to alert others to the risk of dka in the event of a medical emergency.
• Diabetic ketoacidosis (dka) a serious and potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes, characterized by high blood sugar, ketones in the blood, and acidosis.
• Diabetic nephropathy a complication of diabetes that causes damage to the blood vessels in the kidneys, often leading to kidney failure.
• Diabetic neuropathy nerve damage caused by high blood sugar levels, often resulting in numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands and feet.
• Diabetic retinopathy a complication of diabetes that causes damage to the blood vessels in the retina, often leading to vision loss.
• Endocrinologist a medical specialist who diagnoses and treats hormone-related conditions, including diabetes.
• Gastroparesis a condition in which the stomach does not empty properly, often causing nausea, vomiting, and bloating.
• Gestational diabetes a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and often goes away after delivery.
• Glucagon-like peptide-1 (glp-1) receptor agonists a type of medication used to treat type 2 diabetes by increasing insulin production and slowing the absorption of glucose in the digestive system.
• Glucagon a hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood sugar levels when they are too low.
• Glucometer a device used to measure blood sugar levels at home.
• Gluconeogenesis a process by which the liver produces glucose from non-carbohydrate sources, often contributing to high blood sugar levels in people with diabetes.
• Glucose tolerance test a diagnostic test that measures how well the body is able to process glucose.
• Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (gip) a hormone produced by the gut that stimulates insulin production and slows the absorption of glucose in the digestive system.
• Hemoglobin a1c (hba1c) a blood test that measures the average blood sugar level over the past 2-3 months.
• High-density lipoprotein (hdl) a type of cholesterol that helps remove excess cholesterol from the bloodstream and reduce the risk of heart disease.
• Honeymoon phase a period of time after diagnosis with type 1 diabetes in which the pancreas is still able to produce some insulin, often leading to temporary improvement in blood sugar control.
• Hyperglycemia a condition characterized by high blood sugar levels, often caused by not enough insulin or too much food.
• Hyperlipidemia high levels of fats (lipids) in the blood, often associated with diabetes and an increased risk of heart disease.
• Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (hhs) a serious and potentially life-threatening complication of diabetes, characterized by high blood sugar levels and severe dehydration.
• Hypertension high blood pressure, often associated with diabetes and an increased risk of heart disease.
• Hypoglycemia a condition characterized by low blood sugar levels, often caused by too much insulin or not enough food.
• Hypoglycemic attack a sudden and severe drop in blood sugar levels that can cause confusion, dizziness, seizures, and loss of consciousness.
• Insulin pump a device that delivers insulin into the body through a subcutaneous catheter, often used for people with type 1 diabetes.
• Insulin injection site rotation a method of avoiding lipohypertrophy by rotating insulin injection sites to different areas of the body.
• Insulin resistance a condition in which the body is resistant to the effects of insulin, often leading to high blood sugar levels.
• Islet transplantation a procedure in which insulin-producing cells are transplanted into the pancreas, often used to treat type 1 diabetes.
• Ketones substances produced by the liver when the body is breaking down fat for energy, often seen in people with high blood sugar levels.
• Lancing device a device used to prick the skin to obtain a small sample of blood for blood sugar testing.
• Lipohypertrophy a condition characterized by the buildup of fatty tissue at insulin injection sites, often caused by repeated injections in the same area.
• Low-density lipoprotein (ldl) a type of cholesterol that contributes to the buildup of plaque in the arteries and an increased risk of heart disease.
• Macrovascular disease a type of heart disease that affects the large blood vessels, often seen in people with diabetes and an increased risk of heart disease.
• Metabolic syndrome a cluster of conditions, including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess abdominal fat, and abnormal cholesterol levels, that increase the risk of heart disease and type 2 diabetes.
• Metformin a medication commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes, which works by reducing glucose production in the liver and increasing insulin sensitivity.
• Monogenic diabetes a rare form of diabetes caused by a genetic mutation that affects insulin production or function.
• Nephropathy kidney damage caused by high blood sugar levels, often resulting in kidney failure.
• Neuropathic pain pain caused by nerve damage, often seen in people with diabetic neuropathy.
• Neuropathy nerve damage caused by high blood sugar levels, often resulting in numbness, tingling, or pain in the hands and feet.
• Oral glucose tolerance test (ogtt) a diagnostic test that measures how well the body is able to process glucose after consuming a sugary drink.
• Oral hypoglycemic agents a type of medication used to treat type 2 diabetes by stimulating insulin production or increasing insulin sensitivity in the body.
• Pancreas an organ located near the stomach that produces digestive enzymes and hormones, including insulin.
• Pancreatic beta cells cells in the pancreas that produce and secrete insulin in response to changes in blood sugar levels.
• Peripheral arterial disease (pad) a condition in which the arteries that supply blood to the legs and feet become narrowed or blocked, often seen in people with diabetes.
• Postprandial glucose blood sugar levels measured after eating, often used to assess the effectiveness of insulin therapy and meal planning.
• Postprandial hyperglycemia high blood sugar levels after eating, often seen in people with diabetes.
• Prediabetes a condition in which blood sugar levels are higher than normal but not yet high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes.
• Rapid-acting insulin a type of insulin that begins working within minutes and peaks within 30-90 minutes, often used to cover meals in insulin therapy.
• Renal failure a condition in which the kidneys are no longer able to function properly, often seen in people with diabetes and kidney damage.
• Retinal detachment a serious complication of diabetic retinopathy in which the retina becomes separated from the underlying tissue, often leading to vision loss.
• Retinal laser treatment a procedure used to treat diabetic retinopathy by sealing leaking blood vessels and reducing the growth of abnormal blood vessels in the retina.
• Retinopathy eye damage caused by high blood sugar levels, often resulting in vision problems or blindness.
• Sglt2 inhibitors a type of medication used to treat type 2 diabetes by blocking the reabsorption of glucose by the kidneys, leading to increased glucose excretion in urine.
• Self-monitoring of blood glucose (smbg) a method of monitoring blood sugar levels at home using a glucometer and fingerstick testing.
• Sliding scale insulin a method of insulin dosing in which the amount of insulin administered is based on current blood sugar levels.
• Standard deviation a statistical measure of how much a set of values varies from the average, often used to assess blood sugar variability in people with diabetes.
• Steroid-induced diabetes a form of diabetes caused by the use of steroids, often used to treat inflammation and other medical conditions.
• Sulfonylureas a type of medication used to treat type 2 diabetes by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin.
• Target blood sugar range the ideal range of blood sugar levels for people with diabetes, typically between 70-180 mg/dl.
• Total daily dose (tdd) the total amount of insulin administered over the course of a day, often used to determine insulin dosing regimens.
• Total cholesterol a measure of the total amount of cholesterol in the blood, including both hdl and low-density lipoprotein (ldl) cholesterol.
• Type 1 diabetes a form of diabetes in which the body's immune system attacks and destroys the cells in the pancreas that produce insulin.
• Type 1.5 diabetes a form of diabetes that shares features of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, also known as latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (lada).
• Type 2 diabetes: A form of diabetes in which the body is resistant to insulin and/or does not produce enough insulin to maintain normal blood sugar levels.
• Type 3c diabetes a rare form of diabetes caused by damage to the pancreas, often due to pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, or pancreatic cancer.
• Urinary tract infection (uti) an infection of the urinary tract, often seen in people with diabetes due to changes in bladder function and immune system function.
• Very-low-density lipoprotein (vldl) a type of cholesterol that carries triglycerides, a type of fat, in the bloodstream.

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Also see

• Glossary_of_diabetes (WikiMD)
• Glossary_of_diabetes (Wikipedia)

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