Glossary of medicine: Difference between revisions

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Glossary of medicine (view source)

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(Created page with " * Aarskog–Scott syndrome {{PAGENAME}} - (AAS) A rare (X-linked) inherited disorder characterized by short stature, facial abnormalities, skeletal and genital anomalies. * Abdomen {{PAGENAME}} - The region of the body between the chest and pelvis that contains the majority of the tubelike organs of the digestive tract as well as a number of solid organs. * Abdominal external oblique muscle The largest and most superficial of the three flat muscles of the la...")
 
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* [[Axilla]] {{PAGENAME}} - (also armpit, underarm, or oxter) refers to the area of the human body directly beneath the shoulder-arm joint. In addition, it contains the underarm sweat gland.
* [[Axilla]] {{PAGENAME}} - (also armpit, underarm, or oxter) refers to the area of the human body directly beneath the shoulder-arm joint. In addition, it contains the underarm sweat gland.
* [[Artery axillary]] {{PAGENAME}} is a large blood vessel that transports oxygenated blood to the lateral aspect of the thorax, the axilla (armpit), and the upper extremities. Prior to its origin at the lateral margin of the first rib, it was known as the subclavian artery.
* [[Artery axillary]] {{PAGENAME}} is a large blood vessel that transports oxygenated blood to the lateral aspect of the thorax, the axilla (armpit), and the upper extremities. Prior to its origin at the lateral margin of the first rib, it was known as the subclavian artery.
==B==
* [[Back pain]] {{PAGENAME}} - refers to back pain. Based on the affected segment, it is classified as neck pain (cervical), middle back pain (thoracic), low back pain (lumbar), or coccydynia (tailbone or sacral pain). As it supports most of the upper body's weight, the lumbar region is the most common location for pain. Depending on duration, back pain episodes may be acute, subacute, or chronic. The pain may manifest as a dull ache, a shooting or penetrating pain, or a burning sensation. In addition to the legs and feet, discomfort can spread to the arms and hands, and may manifest as numbness or weakness in the legs and arms. The back is the large posterior region of the human body, extending from the buttocks to the back of the neck and the shoulders. It is the opposite side of the body from the chest. The vertebral column, which runs the length of the back, forms a central depression. The shoulders at the top and the pelvis at the bottom create the width of the back.
* [[Barotrauma]] {{PAGENAME}} is an injury caused by a pressure difference between gas-filled spaces and tissues. Beta cells ( cells) are a type of cell found in the islets of the pancreas that synthesize and secrete insulin. 50-70% of the cells in human islets are beta cells. Patients with type I or type II diabetes have diminished beta-cell mass and function, resulting in inadequate insulin secretion and hyperglycemia.
* [[Biceps brachii]] {{PAGENAME}} - The biceps, also known as the biceps brachii (Latin for "two-headed arm muscle"), is a large muscle located on the front of the upper arm between the shoulder and elbow. Both muscle heads originate from the scapula and join to form a single muscle belly attached to the upper forearm. While the biceps crosses both the shoulder and elbow joints, its primary function is to flex and supinate the forearm at the elbow. When opening a bottle with a corkscrew, both of these movements are used. - The biceps first unscrews the cork (supination) and then pulls it out (flexion).
* [[Biceps]] {{PAGENAME}} - also biceps brachii (Latin: "two-headed arm muscle") - is a large muscle located on the front of the upper arm between the shoulder and elbow. Both muscle heads originate from the scapula and join to form a single muscle belly attached to the upper forearm. While the biceps crosses both the shoulder and elbow joints, its primary function is to flex and supinate the forearm at the elbow. These two actions are used to open a bottle with a corkscrew. - The biceps first unscrews the cork (supination) and then pulls it out (flexion).
* [[Bile duct]] {{PAGENAME}} - any of several long tube-like structures that transport bile. Bile, which is necessary for digestion, is secreted by the liver into passages that lead to the hepatic duct, which joins with the cystic duct (carrying bile to and from the gallbladder) to form the common bile duct, which opens into the intestine.
* [[Biliary system]] {{PAGENAME}} - The biliary tract (biliary tree or biliary system) refers to the liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts, as well as the way in which they produce, store, and secrete bile. Water, electrolytes, bile acids, cholesterol, phospholipids, and conjugated bilirubin make up bile. Some substances are synthesized by hepatocytes (liver cells), while the remainder are extracted from the blood by the liver.
* [[Binge eating disorder]] {{PAGENAME}} - (BED) is an eating disorder characterized by frequent and recurrent episodes of binge eating with associated negative psychological and social problems, but without subsequent episodes of purging (e.g. vomiting). BED is a recently-described disorder that distinguishes binge eating similar to that of bulimia nervosa but without the characteristic purging. Individuals with bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder exhibit similar patterns of compulsive overeating, neurobiological characteristics of dysfunctional cognitive control and food addiction, as well as biological and environmental risk factors. In fact, some believe that BED is a milder form of bulimia and that the two conditions exist on the same spectrum.
* [[Biochemistry]] {{PAGENAME}} is the study of chemical processes within and pertaining to living organisms. -
* [[Bioinformatics]] {{PAGENAME}} - is an interdisciplinary field that develops methods and software for analyzing biological data. Bioinformatics combines biology, computer science, information engineering, mathematics, and statistics to analyze and interpret biological data.
* [[Biological engineering]] {{PAGENAME}} - or bioengineering, bio-engineering, or bio-engineering - is the application of biological principles and engineering tools to the creation of usable, tangible, and economically viable products. Biological engineering utilizes the knowledge and skills of several pure and applied sciences, including mass and heat transfer, kinetics, biocatalysts, biomechanics, bioinformatics, separation and purification processes, bioreactor design, surface science, fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and polymer science. It is utilized in the design of medical devices, diagnostic equipment, biocompatible materials, renewable bioenergy, ecological engineering, and agricultural engineering, among other fields that raise the standard of living in societies.
* [[Biology]] {{PAGENAME}} is the study of life and living organisms, including their physical structure, chemical processes, molecular interactions, physiological mechanisms, development, and evolution.
* [[Biopsy]] {{PAGENAME}} - is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon, interventional radiologist, or interventional cardiologist, in which sample cells or tissues are extracted for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease.
* [[Biostatistics]] {{PAGENAME}} is the application of statistics to a vast array of biological topics. It includes the design of biological experiments, particularly in medicine, pharmacy, agriculture, and fisheries; the collection, summary, and analysis of data from those experiments; and the interpretation and inference of the results. Medical biostatistics is a major branch that focuses exclusively on medicine and health.
* [[Bipolar disorder]] {{PAGENAME}} is a mental disorder characterized by alternating periods of depression and abnormally elevated mood.
* [[Birth control]] {{PAGENAME}}, also referred to as contraception and fertility control, is a method or device used to prevent pregnancy.
* [[Bladder cancer]] {{PAGENAME}} - any of several types of cancer originating in the urinary bladder's tissues. It is a disease in which abnormal cell growth has the potential to spread throughout the body. Blood in the urine, urination pain, and low back pain are symptoms.
* [[Blood pressure]] {{PAGENAME}} - is the force exerted by the blood against the walls of the blood vessels. Blood pressure, when not otherwise specified, typically refers to the pressure in the large arteries of the systemic circulation. Blood pressure is typically measured in millimeters of mercury (mmHg), above the surrounding atmospheric pressure, and is expressed as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure.
* [[Blood vessel]] {{PAGENAME}}s are the component of the circulatory system and microcirculation responsible for transporting blood throughout the human body.
* [[Bone marrow]] {{PAGENAME}} is a semi-solid tissue that can be found in the cancellous or spongy portions of bones. Hematopoiesis, or the production of new blood cells, occurs primarily in the bone marrow. It is composed of hematopoietic cells, adipose tissue in the bone marrow, and stromal cells for support. Bone marrow is primarily located in the ribs, vertebrae, sternum, and pelvic bones of adult humans. On average, bone marrow comprises 4% of a human's total body mass; for an adult with a mass of 65 kilograms (143 lb), bone marrow accounts for approximately 2.6 kilograms (5.7 lb).
* [[Bone]] {{PAGENAME}} - is a rigid organ that forms part of the skeleton of vertebrates. The skeleton supports and protects the body's organs, produces red and white blood cells, stores minerals, provides the body with structure and mobility. There are numerous sizes and shapes of bones, and their internal and external structures are intricate. They are lightweight, yet durable, and serve multiple purposes. The
* [[brachial artery]] {{PAGENAME}} is the most important blood vessel in the (upper) arm. It is the continuation of the axillary artery below the teres major muscle's lower margin. It descends the arm's ventral surface until it reaches the cubital fossa at the elbow. The artery then divides into the radial and ulnar arteries, which descend the forearm. In certain individuals, the bifurcation occurs much earlier, and the radial and ulnar arteries extend through the upper arm. The brachial artery pulse is palpable on the anterior aspect of the elbow, medial to the biceps tendon, and a stethoscope and sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff) are commonly used to measure blood pressure.
* [[Brachial plexus]] {{PAGENAME}} - is a nerve network composed of the ventral rami of the lower four cervical nerves and the first thoracic nerve (C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1). This plexus extends from the spinal cord via the cervicoaxillary canal in the neck, over the first rib, and into the armpit. It supplies the chest, shoulder, arm, and hand with afferent and efferent nerve fibers.
* [[Brachial veins]] {{PAGENAME}} - The brachial veins are venae comitantes of the brachial artery in the arm proper, according to human anatomy. Due to their proximity to muscle tissue, they are considered deep veins. Their course is the opposite of that of the brachial artery]] {{PAGENAME}} - they begin where the radial and ulnar veins join (corresponding to the bifurcation of the brachial artery). They terminate at the inferior teres major muscle border. Here, the brachial veins merge with the basilic vein to form the axillary vein. The brachial veins also have small tributaries that drain the upper arm muscles, including the biceps brachii and triceps brachii. The
* [[Brachioradialis]] {{PAGENAME}} is a forearm muscle that flexes the arm at the elbow. It is also capable of pronation and supination, depending on the forearm position. It is attached via the brachioradialis tendon to the distal styloid process of the radius and to the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus.
* [[Bradycardia is a condition typically characterized by a resting heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute (BPM) in adults.
* [[Brain metastasis]] {{PAGENAME}} - is a cancer that has metastasized (spread) from another part of the body to the brain, and is therefore considered a secondary brain tumor. The metastasis typically contains the same type of cancer cells as the primary tumor. -
* [[Brain tumor]] {{PAGENAME}} - occurs when abnormal brain cells form. Malignant or cancerous tumors and benign tumors are the two primary types of tumors.
* [[Brain]] {{PAGENAME}} - The brain is the central organ of the nervous system and, along with the spinal cord, comprises the central nervous system. Brain structures include the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum. It processes, integrates, and coordinates the information it receives from the sense organs and decides which instructions to send to the rest of the body. The brain is protected and contained by the skull bones of the head.
* [[Breast cancer]] {{PAGENAME}} - develops from breast tissue. A lump in the breast, a change in breast shape, dimpling of the skin, fluid coming from the nipple, a newly inverted nipple, or a red or scaly patch of skin may indicate breast cancer. Patients with distant disease spread may experience bone pain, swollen lymph nodes, shortness of breath, and yellow skin. The
* [[breast]] {{PAGENAME}} is one of two prominences located in the upper ventral region of the torso of primates. It serves as the mammary gland in females, which produces and secretes milk to nourish infants. Males and females develop breasts from the identical embryological tissues. Together with growth hormone, estrogens cause breast development in female humans and, to a lesser extent, in other primates during puberty. Generally, breast development in other primate females only occurs during pregnancy.
* [[Broca's area]] {{PAGENAME}} - or the Broca area - is a region in the frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere, typically the left, of the brain with speech-related functions.
* [[Bronchiole]] {{PAGENAME}} - The bronchioles or bronchioli are the airways through which air travels from the nose or mouth to the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs; their submucosa no longer contains cartilage or glands. They are branches of the bronchi and part of the respiratory system's conducting zone. The bronchioles further divide into terminal bronchioles, which are still in the conducting zone, and terminal bronchioles further divide into respiratory bronchioles, which mark the beginning of the respiratory region.
* [[Bronchus]] {{PAGENAME}} A bronchi is an airway passage in the respiratory system that transports air to the lungs. The right main bronchus and the left main bronchus are the first bronchi to branch off of the trachea. These are the largest and enter the lungs at each hilum, where they branch into secondary bronchi called lobar bronchi and tertiary bronchi called segmental bronchi. Additional subdivisions of the segmental bronchi are known as 4th order, 5th order, and 6th order segmental bronchi, or as subsegmental bronchi when grouped together. Bronchioles are the bronchi when they are too narrow to be supported by cartilage. There is no gas exchange in the bronchi.
* [[Bruit]] {{PAGENAME}} - also known as vascular murmur - is the abnormal sound produced by turbulent blood flow in an artery caused by either a partial occlusion or a localized high blood flow rate through an unobstructed artery. Bulimia, also known as
* [[Bulimia nervosa]] {{PAGENAME}}, is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating and purging. Consuming a large amount of food in a short amount of time is referred to as binge eating. Purging refers to the attempts to eliminate consumed food. The
* [[Buttocks]] {{PAGENAME}} are two rounded anatomical structures located on the posterior of the pelvic region and consisting of a layer of fat overlying the gluteus maximus and gluteus medius muscles. Sitting allows the buttocks to transfer weight from the feet to the thighs.
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